C. V. Raman

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
Born	November 7 1888 Tiruchirapalli, India
Died	November 21 1970 (aged 82) Bangalore, India
Residence	India
Nationality	Indian
Field	Physics
Institutions	Indian Finance Department Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Indian Institute of Science
Alma mater	Presidency College
Academic advisor	None
Notable students	G. N. Ramachandran
Known for	Raman effect
Notable prizes	Nobel Prize in Physics Bharat Ratna Lenin Peace Prize

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, CBE (Tamil: சந்திரசேகர வெங்கடராமன்) (November 7, 1888 – November 21, 1970) was an Indian physicist, who was awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the scattering of light and his discovery of a unique form of scattering known as Raman scattering or the Raman effect. This effect is useful for analyzing the compositions of solids, liquids, and gases. It can also be used to monitor manufacturing processes and to diagnose diseases.

Biography

Family and Background

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was born on November 7, 1888, in Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu to a Tamil Brahmin family. Raman’s ancestors were agriculturists, established near Porasakudi Village and Mangudi in the Tanjore district. His father, Chandrasekhara Iyer, studied in a school in Kumbakonam and passed the Matriculation examination in 1881. Eventually, in 1891, he gained a Bachelors of Arts degree in physics at the Society of the Promotion of the Gospel College in Tiruchirapalli. Chandrasekara became a lecturer in the same college. After passing the Matriculation Exam, he married Parvathi Ammal, and they had eight children—five sons and three daughters. On November 7, 1888, their second child, Raman, was born in his maternal grandfather’s house in Tiruvanaikkaval.

Raman’s elder brother, the first child, was C. Subrahmanya (better known as C.S. Iyer). His son, (Raman's nephew) Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, grew up to become world famous as an extraordinary astrophysicist, and was the Morton D. Hull Distinguished Service Professor in the University of Chicago, and was also a Nobel Laureate.

School

When Raman was four years old, his father, Chandrasekaran, moved to Visakhapatnam to take up a post as a lecturer in the Mrs A.V. Narasimha Rao College. There he taught physics, mathematics, and physical geography. Chandrasekaran was considered strong, both physically and mentally, as he was greatly involved in sports, physical culture, and Indian Carnatic music, among other activities.

Unlike his father, Raman was not physically strong; however, Raman had intellectual brilliance. He excelled in his studies, and showed early signs of unusual talent, winning accolades from his teachers and earning many prizes and scholarships.

Raman became interested in physics while still in school. He once built a dynamo by himself, and had deep curiosity regarding the workings of physical concepts and devices.

College

C. V. Raman finished school at the young age of eleven, by passing the Matriculation Examination with the first rank (top marks). He then joined the AVN College to study for the Intermediate Examination. He again earned accolades, and finished with top marks in the university examination. In 1903, he left for Chennai (then Madras) with a scholarship to study for the BA degree in the Presidency College, where he was the youngest student. The Presidency College was the best college in Southern India at that time. Most of the professors at the time Raman went to college were Europeans. Here, Raman’s interest in physics became even more focused, and he also developed a great liking for English.

Further Study

Did you know?

C. V. Raman completed his Masters degree in physics while still a teenager

In 1904, Raman passed the BA examinations with first rank in the university, and won gold medals in English and Physics. Raman’s teachers advised him to go to England for further studies, but the Civil Surgeon of Madras ruled it out, claiming that the young Raman was too frail to withstand the English climate. Instead Raman did his MA in physics in Presidency College and did not go abroad until he was thirty-three. With the professor of Physics at that time, R. Llewellyn Jones, Raman said he “enjoyed a measure of academic freedom which seems almost incredible. To mention only one detail, during the whole of my two years’ work for the MA degree, I remember attending only one lecture…”

Books that Influenced Raman

Chandrasekara Venkata Raman found several books he came across in his college career very useful and often eye-opening. Of the books that influenced him, he wrote:

I finished my school and college career and my university examinations at the age of eighteen. In this short span of years, had been compressed the study of four languages and of a great variety of diverse subjects, in several cases up to the highest university standards. A list of all the volumes I had to study would be of terrifying length. Did these books influence me? Yes, in the narrow sense of making me tolerably familiar with subjects so diverse as Ancient Greek and Roman History, Theory and Public Finance, the late Sanskrit writers and minor English authors, to say nothing of Physiography, Chemistry and a dozen branches of Pure and Applied Mathematics, and of Experimental and Theoretical Physics. But out of this welter of subjects and books, can I pick out anything really to mould my mental and spiritual outlook and determine my chosen path in life? Yes, I can and I shall mention three books. … The Light of Asia. I remember being powerfully moved by the story of Siddhartha’s great renunciation, of his search for truth and of his final enlightenment. This was at a time when I was young enough to be impressionable, and this reading of the book fixed firmly in my mind the idea that this capacity for renunciation in the pursuit of exalted aims is the very essence of human greatness.

About books on science, Raman said:

The next set of books that I have to mention is one of the most remarkable works of all time namely, The Elements of Euclid. … The pages of Euclid are like the opening bars of the music of the grand opera of Nature’s great drama. So to say, they lift the veil and show to our vision a glimpse of the vast world of natural knowledge awaiting study.

Raman had an innate sense of love for music and he was also influenced by the works of the great Hermann von Helmholtz.

Raman said about this third of the three books of great influence on him:

It was my great good fortune, while I was still a student at college, to have possessed a copy of an English translation of his great work On The Sensations of Tone… It can be said without exaggeration that it profoundly influenced my intellectual outlook. For the first time, I understood from its perusal what scientific research really meant and how it could be undertaken. I also gathered from it a variety of problems for research which were later to occupy my attention and keep me busy for many years.

Early Career and Marriage

Raman took and passed his Masters examination in January 1907, again, with top marks and several accolades and prizes. While he wanted to focus on science (particularly research) opportunities for research in India (specifically for Indians) were zero. His possibility of going to England had been ruled out due to his weak health at the time. Therefore, Raman’s eyes looked to work in Government service, as it is known to be safe, secure, and even prestigious. Even in this case, he wanted to join the esteemed Indian Civil Service (ICS), which was the highest position in Government service, but this required studying in England and also appearing for the examination there—this choice was also ruled out for medical reasons. His next choice was the Financial Civil Service (FCS), where Raman’s brother C.S. Iyer was already a member. The FCS was the forerunner of the Indian Audit and Accounts Service of today. Author G. Venkataraman states in his book Journey Into Light, “Recruitment to it was by an all-India competitive examination, but even to appear for this examination one had to first go through an interview.” Raman was screened, and as usual, stood first in the written examination, though he had to study some unfamiliar subjects like history and economics. Later, Raman’s other brother, Mr. Ramaswamy, confided, “After returning from the screening interview Raman said, “I took one look at all the candidates who had assembled, and I knew I was going to stand first.”” This instance shows the early formation of what was well known as the Raman Ego!

Raman passed the FCS examination in 1907, and before having an official position, married Lokasundari. This part of his life happened in a very nontraditional manner. Usually, Indian marriages are arranged by parents—this comprised of finding a proper horoscope match for their child. This included analyzing the star positions on their birth date, and other horoscopic figures. Following this is a visit by the boy and his parents to the girl’s house, to check to see if they like her—during this time, the girl usually is asked to give a musical presentation. Provided these arrangements have been in agreement and the girl’s family offers enough dowry, the date for their marriage is set.

Raman’s marriage took a completely different course of events. As a college student, Raman was friendly with Mr. Ramaswamy Sivan, who was a freemason, theosophist, and a man with progressive views. Raman often went to visit Mr. Sivan at his house, where one day, he heard music from an Indian Classical Instrument, veenai—it was played by Lokasundari, Sivan’s sister-in-law, who came for a visit from Madurai. Lokasundari was quite talented at playing the veenai, and Raman became attracted to her immediately. At that time, as Lokasundari was of marriageable age and her family was looking for a suitable groom, Sivan discussed this idea to Raman, who instantly agreed. Raman then proceeded to get his parents’ approval. But it was then found that Lokasundari, though of the same cast as Raman (Brahmin), was of a different subset—this match was, in those days, strictly forbidden. Raman’s father, a very liberal-minded man, accepted the idea of Raman selecting his own bride, even one from a different subset. However, the rest of the family, including Raman’s mother, were displeased. Regardless of such obstacles, however, Raman followed his heart and insisted on having his own way. In fact, he even refused to accept dowry from the girl’s side:

The story has it that on the first occasion he saw her, she was playing on the veena the Tyagaraja keertana [composition] ‘Rama ni Samanam Evaro?’ [Rama, is there anyone your equal?]. We shall never know whether it was by intent or by accident. Anyway, she insists that she still does not know if Raman married her for the extra allowance of Rs. 150 which the Finance Department gave to its married officers!

The couple had two sons, Chandrasekhar and Radhakrishnan. Lokasundari came to be known as Lady Raman:

Those who have known her … had often said that her principal interest in life was to enable Professor Raman to carry on his scientific work with efficiency and in an uninterrupted manner … Seldom did she permit projection in the public of her own personality as distinct from that of her husband. This aspect of hers, besides being in line with the best of Indian traditions, was so noticeable on occasions that she drew the admiration of all concerned.

Raman was given a position as Assistant Accountant-General in Calcutta in mid-1907—he was still a teenager then. His salary was then Rs. 400, including the marriage allowance. Raman and Lokasundari left for Calcutta, capital of what was then British India.

Raman made use of the diverse and scientific atmosphere of Calcutta, and was able to give full expression to his scientific creativity—Calcutta was then known as the premier city for science in the East. Apart from being posted in Calcutta, Raman was also sent to Nagpur and Rangoon; no matter the place, Raman always found ways to conduct experiments at home.

As the story goes, one evening while returning from work, he spotted the sign of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science. He started visiting the laboratory after office hours and did experiments, which culminated with his Nobel Prize winning work.

Later Years and Death

Ramaseshan, author of C.V. Raman – A Pictorial Biography, noted, “Many things happened [during the last decade of Raman’s life and] time in his Institute and in the country which affected Raman greatly. The half a dozen graduate students whom he had handpicked to work at his Institute began to leave. By 1960 all of them had gone and he chose not to take any more and (except for two assistants) he was almost all alone.” It was at this time that Raman started to isolate himself from the world outside his institute—he built high walls on the compounds of his institute to discourage visitors. He underwent depression.

Much of Raman’s emotional turmoil was caused by the way things were happening in the newly independent country:

It seemed to him that scientific administrators, not believing that there was sufficient strength in the country for science to grow, looked outside more and more for inspiration. The policy seemed to be that expenditure (however indiscriminate), would automatically further the progress of science and technology. He felt that the universities, which till then identified and generated talent, were denuded and decertified by the exodus of scientists and teachers to better-paid positions in large, impersonal Government laboratories. Quantity appeared to be mistaken for quality. His attitude towards everyone—especially the Government—became one of suspicion and cynicism.

An example of Raman’s source of disappointment with the Government is the idea that purchase and use of elaborate, expensive equipment from outside the country would greatly help advance scientific and technological progress. This contradicted Raman’s belief that even simple experiments can be conducted to find great scientific theories, as that is what even he had done in the Presidency College himself. Depicting such thoughts, a story from Journey Into Light goes, “… once he saw one of his students in a crest-fallen mood. Upon enquiry he learnt that (spectroscopic) experiments similar to those being performed by his student were also in progress in England at the same time and the student’s worry was that whereas he had merely a 1 kW lamp his competitor abroad had a 10 kW lamp. “Don’t worry,” Raman told the student, “put a 10 kW brain on the problem.”

Raman gave his last Gandhi Memorial Lecture, On the Cochlea and the perception of sound, on October 2, 1970. For the first and last time in his life, he requested the audience to allow him to sit down while answering their questions. This was the beginning of the end:

At the end of October he collapsed in his laboratory, the valves of his heart having given way. He was moved to hospital and the doctors gave him four hours to life. He survived and after a few days refused to stay in the hospital as he preferred to die in the gardens of his Institute surrounded by his flowers.

Two days before Raman died, he told one of his former students, “Do not allow the journals of the Academy to die, for they are the sensitive indicators of the quality of science being done in the country and whether science is taking root in it or not.”

That same evening, Raman met with the Board of Management of his Institute and discussed (from his bed) with them any proceedings with regards to the Institute’s management. Raman passed away from natural causes early next morning, November 21, 1970.

Academic Career

First Paper

With the great freedom Raman found with Professor Jones while studying physics in Presidency College, he productively used the time, designing and developing experiments to answer the boundless questions he had. Only the fundamental laboratory instruments were available in the physics lab at the time (only enough for class work), but Raman made use of just these. Raman’s questions were often those whose answers were not found in the published literature. Thus, the essence of research came instinctively to him and was enough to push him to conduct experiments throughout his life.

While Raman was well aware of light in a wave form, and the concept of diffraction, he experimented with asymmetric diffraction of light. He compiled his findings on this experiment, and gave it to Professor Jones for comments. However, Professor Jones offered no opinion for several months. Around that time, Raman was aware of the Philosophical Magazine, perhaps those subscribed by the Connemara Public Library about five km away from Presidency College (it is not certain how Raman came to know of this magazine). Then, taking his first step towards publication, Raman sent his paper on asymmetric diffraction to the Philosophical Magazine in London, under the title “Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a rectangular aperture.” This paper was published in 1906—Raman, only 18 and not yet out of college, was the sole author with no acknowledgments. Raman’s achievement was even more astounding because Presidency College was not a research college, and Raman’s paper was the first to come out of that institution.

Almost immediately after Raman’s first publication, the famous R.W. Wood of Johns Hopkins University published another. Wood later sent a cable to Nature, exclaiming the discovery of the Raman Effect.

Research

In 1917, Raman resigned from his government service and took up the newly created Palit Professorship in Physics at the University of Calcutta. Simultaneously, he continued doing research at the IACS, where he became the Honorary Secretary. Raman used to refer to this period as the golden era of his career. Many talented students gathered around him at the IACS and the University of Calcutta. He was president of the 16th session of the Indian Science Congress in 1929.

In addition to his Nobel Prize winning work on the scattering of light, Raman also worked on the acoustics of musical instruments. He worked out the theory of transverse vibration of bowed strings, on the basis of superposition velocities. This does a better job in explaining bowed string vibration over Helmholtz's approach. He was also the first to investigate the harmonic nature of the sound of the Indian drums such as the tabla and the mridangam.

In 1933, Raman became the director of the newly established Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore. The IISc was set up in 1909 with the main objective of bringing out original research and providing training in science and engineering. Up till Raman’s appointment, all of IISc’s directors were British and so were most of the faculty. Two years later, he continued as a Professor of Physics. In 1947, he was appointed as the first National Professor by the new government of Independent India.

He retired from the Indian Institute of Science in 1948 and a year later he established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore Karnataka, serving as its director and remained active there until his death in 1970.

Raman Scattering

Raman won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect. "Raman scattering" or the "Raman effect" is the inelastic scattering of a photon. Raman spectroscopy is based on this phenomenon.

When light is scattered from an atom or molecule, most photons are elastically scattered (Rayleigh scattering). The scattered photons have the same energy (frequency) and, therefore, wavelength, as the incident photons. However, a small fraction of scattered light (approximately one in ten million photons) is scattered from excitations with optical frequencies different from, and usually lower than, the frequency of the incident photons. Thus, when a beam of light passes through a liquid this scattering effect causes some of it to emerge as a different color. This explains why the ocean appears blue.

In a gas, Raman scattering can occur with a change in vibrational, rotational, or electronic energy of a molecule (see energy level). As Raman noted, "The character of the scattered radiations enable us to obtain an insight into the ultimate structure of the scattering substance."

In 1922, Raman published his work on the "Molecular Diffraction of Light," the first of a series of investigations with his collaborators which ultimately led to his discovery (on February 28, 1928) of the radiation effect which bears his name. The Raman effect was first reported by C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan, and independently by Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam, in 1928. Raman received the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his work on the scattering of light.

Physicists welcomed Raman's finding as proof of quantum theory. Chemists are concerned primarily with the vibrational Raman effect. In 1998 the Raman Effect was designated an ACS National Historical Chemical Landmark in recognition of its significance as a tool for analyzing the composition of liquids, gases, and solids.

The Raman Effect differs from the process of fluorescence. For the latter, the incident light is completely absorbed and the system is transferred to an energetically excited state, from which it can go to various lower states only after a certain period (resonance lifetime). The result of both processes is essentially the same: A photon with a frequency different from that of the incident photon is produced and the molecule is brought to a higher or lower energy level. But the major difference is that the Raman Effect can take place for any frequency of incident light. In contrast to the fluorescence effect, the Raman Effect is therefore not a resonant effect.

Legacy

Raman spectroscopy, which uses the Raman effect, has been found a valuable tool for the identification and analysis of a wide ranger of materials. It is used to analyze a wide range of materials, including highly complex materials such as biological organisms and human tissue.

Raman was honored with a large number of honorary doctorates and memberships of scientific societies. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society early in his career (1924) and knighted in 1929. In addition to receiving the Nobel Prize in physics in 1930, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954 and the Lenin Peace Prize (1957). India celebrates National Science Day on the 28th February of every year to commemorate Raman's discovery in 1928. Pictures of C. V. Raman, his father Chandrasekaran, and Professor Jones (Raman's physics professor) hang at the entrance of the lecture hall of the Physics Department of Presidency College. In 1939, the Indian Academy of Sciences brought out a commemorative volume on Raman’s fiftieth birthday.

Raman also started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943, along with Dr. Krishnamurthy. The Company during its 60 year history established four factories in Southern India.

C. V. Raman is the uncle of three world renowned physicists: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Nobel laureate; Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar FRS, known for Liquid crystal research; and Sivaraj Ramaseshan, former director of the Indian Institute of Science.

Raman gave his vision for the future of the he established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore Karnataka in a letter shortly before he died:

This Institute was created by me in 1948 to provide a place in which I could continue my studies in an atmosphere more conductive to pure research than that found in most scientific institutions. To me the pursuit of science has been an aesthetic and joyous experience. The Institute has been the haven where I cold carry on my highly personal research. This personal character of the Institute should obviously change after me. It must blossom into a great center of learning embracing many branches of science. Scientists from different parts of India and all over the world must be attracted to it. With its beautiful gardens, large libraries, extensive museums, I feel that the Institute offers a perfect nucleus for the growth of a center of higher learning. Science can only flower out when there is an internal urge. It cannot thrive under external pressures. Fundamental science cannot be driven by instructional, industrial, governmental or military pressure. This is the reason why I decided as far as possible not to accept money from Government. I have bequeathed all my property to the Institute. Unfortunately, this may not be sufficient for the growth of this center of Learning. I shall therefore not put it as a condition that no governmental funds should be accepted by the Institute. I would however strongly urge taking only funds that have no strings attached.

Works

Quotes

When he was offered a toast during the Nobel function: Being a strict teetotaller he responded,

Sir, you have seen the Raman Effect on alcohol; please do not try to see the alcohol effect on Raman.

Books

For compact work, see: Scientific Papers of CV Raman, S. Ramaseshan (ed.).

• Vol. 1 - Scattering of Light (Ed. S Ramaseshan)
• Vol. 2 - Acoustic
• Vol. 3 - Optica
• Vol. 4 - Optics of Minerals and Diamond
• Vol. 5 - Physics of Crystals
• Vol. 6 - Floral Colours and Visual Perception

Bibliography

1909

• "The Small Motion at the Nodes of a Vibrating String," Nature, 1909
• "The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations of a New Type," Nature, 1909
• "The Ectara," J. Indian Math. Club, 1909

1910

• "The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations," Nature, 1910
• "Oscillations of the Stretched Strings," J. Indian Math. Club, 1910

1911

• "Photographs of Vibrational Curves," Philos. Mag., 1911
• "Remarks on a Paper by J.S. Stokes on 'Some Curious Phenomena Observed in Connection with Melde's Experiment'," Physics Rev., 1911
• "The Small Motion at the Nodes of a Vibrating String," Phys. Rev., 1911

1912

• "The Maintenance of Forced Oscillations of a New Type," Philos. Mag, 1912
• "Some Remarkable Cases of Resonance," Phys. Rev. 1912
• "Experimental Investigations on the Maintenance of Vibrations," Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1912

1913

• "Some Acoustical Observations," Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1913

1914

• "The Dynamical Theory of the Motion of Bowed Strings," Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1914
• "The Maintenance of Vibrations," Phys. Rev. 1914
• "Dynamical Theory of the Motion of Bowed Strings," Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1914
• "On Motion in a Periodic Field of Force," Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1914

1915

• "On the Maintenance of Combinational Vibrations by Two Simple Harmonic forces," Phys. Rev., 1915
• "On Motion in a Periodic Field of Force," Philos. Mag, 1915

1916

• "On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 1," Philos. Mag, 1916 (with S Appaswamair)
• "On the 'Wolf-Note' of the Violin and Cello," Nature (London). 1916
• "On the 'Wolf-Note' in the Bowed Stringed Instruments," Philos. Mag., 1916

1917

• "The Maintenance of Vibrations in a Periodic Field of Force," Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A. Dey)
• "On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 2," Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A Dey)
• "On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 3," Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A Dey)
• "On the Alterations of Tone Produced by a Violin 'Mute'," Nature (London) 1917

1918

• "On the 'Wolf-Note' in the Bowed Stringed Instruments," Philos. Mag., 1918
• "On the Wolf-Note in Pizzicato Playing," Nature (London), 1918
• "On the Mechanical Theory of the Vibrations of Bowed Strings and of Musical Instruments of the Violin Family, with Experimental Verification of Results - Part 1," Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1918
• "The Theory of the Cyclical Vibrations of a Bowed String," Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1918

1919

• "An Experimental Method for the Production of Vibrations," Phys. Rev., 1919
• "A New Method for the Absolute Determination of Frequency," Proc. R. Soc. London, 1919
• "On the Partial Tones of Bowed Stringed Instruments," Philos. Mag, 1919
• "The Kinematics of Bowed Strings," J. Dept of Sci., Univ. Calcutta, 1919

1920

• "On the Sound of Splashes," Philos. Mag, 1920
• "On a Mechanical Violin-Player for Acoustical Experiments, Philos. Mag., 1920
• "Experiments with Mechanically-Played Violins," Proc. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1920
• "On Kaufmann's Theory of the Impact of the Pianoforte Hammer," proc. S. Soc. London, 1920 (with B Banerji)
• "Musical Drums with Harmonic Overtones," Nature (London), 1920 (with S. Kumar)

1921

• "Whispering Gallery Phenomena at St. Paul's Cathedral," Nature (London) 1921 (with G.A. Sutherland)
• "The Nature of Vowel Sounds," Nature (London) 1921
• "On the Whispering Gallery Phenomenon," Proc. R. Soc. London, 1922 (with G.A. Sutherland)
• "On Some Indian Stringed Instruments," Proc. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1921

1922

• "On Whispering Galleries," Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1922
• "On the Molecular Scattering of Light in Water and the Colour of the Sea," Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1922
• "The Acoustical Knowledge of the Ancient Hindus," Asutosh Mookerjee Silver Jubilee - Vol 2,

1926

• "The Subjective Analysis of Musical Tones," Nature (London), 1926

1927

• "Musical Instruments and Their Tones"

1928

• "A new type of Secondary Radiation," Nature, 1928
• "A new radiation," Indian Journal of Physics, 1928

1935

• "The Indian Musical Drums," Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935
• "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part I," Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
• "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part II," Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
• "Nature of Thermal Agitation in Liquids," Nature (London), 1935 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)

1936

• "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part III: Doppler Effect and Coherence Phenomena," Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
• "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part IV: Generalised Theory," Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
• "The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part V: General Considerations - Oblique Incidence and Amplitude Changes," Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
• "Diffraction of Light by Ultrasonic Waves," Nature (London), 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)

1937

• "Acoustic Spectrum of Liquids," Nature (London), 1937 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)

1938

• "Light Scattering and Fluid Viscosity," Nature (London), 1938 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)

1948

• Aspects of Science, 1948

1951

• The New Physics: Talks on Aspects of Science, 1951

1959

• Lectures on Physical Optics, 1959

See also

• Fluorescence
• Light
• Photon
• Spectroscopy

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Bhagavantam, S. "Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman: 1888-1970." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society (London: Royal Society) 17(1971): 564-592.
• Haider, S.G. “C.V. Raman”. Remembering our Leaders. New Delhi: Children's Book Trust, 1990. ISBN 817011487X
• Harris, Daniel C., and Bertolucci, Michael D. Symmetry and Spectroscopy. Dover Publications, 1989. ISBN 978-0486661445
• Ramaseshan, S. (ed.). Scientific Papers of C.V. Raman: Scattering of Light. Oxford University Press, 1989. ISBN 0195623789
• Ramaseshan, S. and C. Ramachandra Rao. C.V. Raman - A Pictorial Biography. Bangalore: Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988. ISBN 8185324077
• Venkataraman, G. Journey Into Light: Life and Science of C.V. Raman. Oxford University Press, 1989. ISBN 818532400X

External links

All links retrieved November 24, 2023.

• The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 (Nobel Committee)
• Nobel prize internet archive
• Raman Research Institute
• Digital Repository of the Raman Research Institute
• Raman centennial Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, Volume 68 nos 11-12 (1988).

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