Chile

República de Chile
Republic of Chile
República de Chile Republic of Chile
	Motto: Por la razón o la fuerza; "By right or might" (Spanish)
	Anthem: Himno Nacional de Chile (Spanish);
Capital; (and largest city)	Santiago1; 33°26′S 70°40′W
National language	Spanish (de facto)
Ethnic groups (2012)	White and non-Indigenous 88.9% ; Mapuche 9.1% ; Aymara 0.7% ; other Indigenous groups 1% ; unspecified 0.3%
Demonym	Chilean
Government	Unitary presidential republic
Legislature	National Congress
Independence	from Spain
Area
Population
GDP (PPP)	2022 estimate
GDP (nominal)	2022 estimate
Gini (2021)	46 (high)
Currency	Peso (CLP)
Time zone	CLT or EAST 3 (UTC−4 to −6)
Internet TLD	.cl
Calling code	[[++56]]
1	The legislature is based in Valparaíso
2	Includes Easter Island and Isla Sala y Gómez; does not include 1,250,000 square kilometers (480,000 sq mi) of territory claimed in Antarctica
3	The mainland uses UTC−4 (in summer: UTC−3 ; Easter Island uses UTC−6 (in summer: UTC−5).

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Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow coastal strip wedged between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. It encompasses a remarkable variety of landscapes, including the driest desert (the Atacama) in the world, the highest mountain range (the Andes) in the hemisphere, and temperate rainforests. The north contains great mineral wealth, while the south is rich in forests and grazing lands and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. Its vast areas of extreme beauty support a growing tourist industry.

Except for a military junta that held power from September 1973 to March 1990, the country has been relatively free of the coups common to many of its neighbors and has a long history of democracy. Since its return to democracy in 1990, Chile has been an active participant in the international political arena; it is an active member of the United Nations family of agencies and participates in UN peacekeeping activities. It has been an important actor on international economic issues and hemispheric free trade.

Chile is one of South America's most stable and prosperous nations. Within the greater Latin American context, it leads in terms of competitiveness, quality of life, political stability, globalization, economic freedom, low perception of corruption, and comparatively low poverty rates. It also ranks high regionally in freedom of the press, human development, and democratic development.

Geography

A long and narrow coastal Southern Cone country on the west side of the Andes Mountains, Chile stretches over 2,880 miles (4,630 km) north to south, but averages only 110 miles at its widest point east to west. This encompasses a remarkable variety of landscapes, including the driest desert in the world, the highest mountain range in the hemisphere, and temperate rainforests.

The Pacific Ocean forms the country's entire western border, with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage at the country's southernmost tip. At 292,240 square miles (756,950 sq. km), Chile is the world's 38th largest country, comparable in size to Zambia and about twice the size of Japan.

A red copihue (Chilean bellflower), the national flower, which grows in the woods of southern Chile.

Did you know?

Chile is situated within the Pacific Ring of Fire and has many active volcanos and has suffered many severe earthquakes

The northern Atacama Desert contains great mineral wealth, primarily copper and nitrates. The relatively small Central Valley, which includes Santiago, dominates the country in terms of population and agricultural resources. This area also is the historical center from which Chile expanded in the late nineteenth century, offering incentives to colonists of the northern and southern regions, areas with more extreme climates.

Chile is geologically active. It has more than thirty active volcanoes, and about 12 or more major earthquakes hit the country every century. Temblors are even more frequent. A 7.7 magnitude quake struck in northern Chile on November 14, 2007, killing at least two people and leaving 15,000 homeless. On February 27, 2010, Chile was struck by an 8.8 magnitude earthquake, one of the largest ever recorded in the world. As many as 500 people died; hundreds of thousands of buildings were damaged. The earthquake was also followed by multiple aftershocks.

Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. The Andes Mountains are the eastern border. Chile also claims 482,628 square miles (1,250,000 sq km) of Antarctica as part of its territory. However, this claim is suspended under the terms of the Antarctic Treaty, of which Chile is a signatory nation.

Chile controls Easter Island and Sala y Gómez Island, the easternmost islands of Polynesia, which it incorporated into its territory in 1888, and Robinson Crusoe Island, more than 375 miles (600 km) from the mainland, in the Juan Fernández archipelago. Easter Island is now a province of Chile. Also controlled but only temporally inhabited (by local fishermen) are the small islands of Sala y Gómez, San Ambrosio, and San Felix, notable because they extend Chile's claim to territorial waters out from its coast into the Pacific.

The Humboldt current flows along Chile's coast, cooling the water and bringing with it abundant marine animals, including anchovies, sea bass, and other commercial fish.

History

Etymology

Mapuche were original inhabitants of central and southern Chile.

There are various theories about the origin of the word Chile. According to one theory the Incas of Peru, who had failed to conquer the Araucanians, called the valley of the Aconcagua "Chili" by corruption of the name of a tribal chief ("cacique") called Tili, who ruled the area at the time of the Incan conquest. Another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the Casma Valley in Peru, where there were a town and valley named Chili. Other theories say Chile may derive its name from the indigenous Mapuche word chilli, which may mean "where the land ends," "the deepest point of the earth," or "sea gulls;" or from the Quechua chin, "cold," or the Aymara tchili, meaning "snow." Another meaning attributed to chilli is the onomatopoeic cheele-cheele—the Mapuche imitation of a bird call. The Spanish conquistadors who heard about this name from the Incas and the few survivors of Diego de Almagro's first Spanish expedition south from Peru in 1535-1536 called themselves the "men of Chilli."

Prehistory

The first humans arrived in Chile about 13,000 to 10,000 years ago, settling in fertile valleys and along the coast. One group, called the Chinchorros is known for early mummification. By 500 C.E., significant human populations had been established throughout the region. In 1470, the Incas briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, imposing a labor tribute that included gold mining, but the area's barrenness prevented extensive settlement.

European colonization

In 1520, while attempting to circumnavigate the earth, the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan discovered the southern passage now named after him, the Strait of Magellan. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, who came from Peru in 1535 seeking gold. The Spanish encountered hundreds of thousands of Native peoples from various cultures in the area that modern Chile now occupies. These cultures supported themselves principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting. The conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540, and was carried out by Pedro de Valdivia, one of Francisco Pizarro's lieutenants, who founded the city of Santiago. Although the Spanish did not find the extensive gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chile's central valley, and Chile became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Pedro de Valdivia

Conquest of the land that is today called Chile took place only gradually, and the Europeans suffered repeated setbacks at the hands of the local population. A massive Mapuche insurrection that began in 1553 resulted in Valdivia's death and the destruction of many of the colony's principal settlements. Subsequent major insurrections took place in 1598 and in 1655. Each time the Mapuche and other native groups revolted, the southern border of the colony was driven northward. The abolition of slavery in 1683 defused tensions on the frontier between the colony and the Mapuche land to the south, and permitted increased trade between colonists and the Mapuche.

The drive for independence from Spain was precipitated by usurpation of the Spanish throne by Napoleon Bonaparte's brother, Joseph, in 1808. A national junta in the name of Ferdinand—heir to the deposed king—was formed in 1810 and proclaimed Chile an autonomous republic within the Spanish monarchy. A movement for total independence soon won a wide following. Spanish attempts to re-impose arbitrary rule during what was called the "Reconquista" led to a prolonged struggle.

Though not the first outsiders to visit Easter Island, two Chilean ships stopped there in 1837. At that time, Chile claimed the largest naval fleet in the Pacific Ocean. In 1888, a Chilean captain took formal possession of the island in the name of the Republic of Chile. Twelve Rapanui chiefs ceded sovereignty to Chile "forever."

Republic

Bernardo O'Higgins

Intermittent warfare continued until 1817, when an army led by Bernardo O'Higgins, Chile's most renowned patriot, and José de San Martín, hero of the Argentine war of independence, crossed the Andes into Chile and defeated the royalists. On February 12, 1818, Chile was proclaimed an independent republic. The political revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th century Chilean society preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, which was greatly influenced by family politics and the Roman Catholic Church. A strong presidency eventually emerged, but wealthy landowners remained extremely powerful.

Toward the end of the nineteenth century, the government in Santiago consolidated its position in the south by ruthlessly suppressing the Mapuche during the occupation of Araucanía. In 1881, it signed a treaty with Argentina confirming Chilean sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan. As a result of the War of the Pacific with Peru and Bolivia (1879–1883), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third, eliminating Bolivia's access to the Pacific, and acquired valuable nitrate deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of national affluence.

War of the Pacific: The Battle of Iquique on May 21, 1879

The Chilean civil war, in 1891, brought about a redistribution of power between the president and Congress, and Chile established a parliamentary-style democracy. However, the civil war had also been a contest between those who favored the development of local industries and powerful Chilean banking interests, particularly the House of Edwards, which had strong ties to foreign investors. Hence the Chilean economy partially degenerated into a system protecting the interests of a ruling oligarchy. By the 1920s, the emerging middle and working classes were powerful enough to elect a reformist president, Arturo Alessandri Palma, whose program was frustrated by a conservative Congress. Alessandri Palma's reformist tendencies were partly tempered later by an admiration for some elements of Mussolini's Italian Corporate State. In the 1920s, Marxist groups with strong popular support arose.

A military coup led by General Luis Altamirano in 1924 set off a period of political instability that lasted until 1932. When constitutional rule was restored in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged and became the key force in coalition governments for the next twenty years. During the period of Radical Party dominance, the state increased its role in the economy. In 1952, voters returned conservatives to power democratically.

The 1964 presidential election of Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva initiated a period of major reform. His administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs, particularly in education, housing, and agrarian reform, including unionization of agricultural workers. By 1967, however, Frei encountered increasing opposition from leftists, who charged that his reforms were inadequate, and from conservatives, who found them excessive. At the end of his term, Frei had accomplished many noteworthy objectives, but he had not fully achieved his party's ambitious goals.

The Allende period

Map showing continental Chile

In 1970, Senator Salvador Allende, a Marxist physician and member of Chile's Socialist Party, who headed a coalition of the Socialist, Communist, Radical, and Social-Democratic parties, won a plurality of votes in a three-way contest. Congress chose Allende in a runoff vote.

Allende's program included advancement of workers' interests; a thorough implementation of agrarian reform; the reorganization of the national economy into socialized, mixed, and private sectors; a foreign policy of "international solidarity" and national independence; and a new institutional order (the "people's state"), including a unicameral congress. The platform also called for nationalization of foreign ownership of Chile's major copper mines.

An economic depression that began in 1967 peaked in 1970, exacerbated by capital flight, plummeting private investment, and withdrawal of bank deposits by those opposed to Allende's socialist program. Production fell and unemployment rose. Allende adopted measures including price freezes, wage increases, and tax reforms, which had the effect of increasing consumer spending and redistributing income downward. Joint public-private public works projects helped reduce unemployment. Much of the banking sector was nationalized. Many enterprises within the copper, coal, iron, nitrate, and steel industries were expropriated, nationalized, or subjected to state intervention. Industrial output increased sharply and unemployment fell during the Allende administration's first year.

Other reforms undertaken during the early Allende period included redistribution of millions of hectares of land to landless agricultural workers as part of the agrarian reform program, giving the armed forces an overdue pay increase, and providing free milk to children. The Indian Peoples Development Corporation and the Mapuche Vocational Institute were founded to address the needs of Chile's indigenous population.

The nationalization of U.S. and other foreign-owned companies led to increased tensions with the United States. The Nixon administration brought international financial pressure to bear to restrict economic credit to Chile. Simultaneously, the CIA funded opposition media, politicians, and organizations, helping to accelerate a campaign of domestic destabilization. By 1972, the economic progress of Allende's first year had been reversed and the economy was in crisis. Political polarization increased, and large mobilizations of both pro- and anti-government groups became frequent, often leading to clashes.

By early 1973, inflation was out of control. The crippled economy was further battered by prolonged and sometimes simultaneous strikes by physicians, teachers, students, truck owners, copper workers, and the small business class.

Military rule

A military coup overthrew Allende on September 11, 1973. As the armed forces bombarded the presidential palace, Allende reportedly committed suicide. A military government, led by General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, took over. The first years of the regime were marked by serious human rights violations. At least a thousand people were executed during Pinochet's first six months in office, and at least two thousand more were killed during the next 16 years. Some 30,000 fled the country, and tens of thousands of people were detained and tortured, as investigated by the 2004 Valech Commission. A new constitution was approved by a highly irregular and undemocratic plebiscite, and General Pinochet became president for an eight-year term.

Michelle Bachelet, first woman president

Return to democracy

In the late 1980s, the regime gradually permitted greater freedom of assembly, speech, and association, to include trade union and limited political activity. During Pinochet's nearly 17 years in power, Chile moved away from state involvement toward a largely free-market economy that saw increased domestic and foreign private investment, although the copper industry and other important mineral resources were not returned to foreign ownership. In a 1988 plebiscite, Pinochet was denied a second term as president. Chileans elected a new president, Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin, the candidate of a coalition of 17 political parties, who served from 1990 to 1994, in what was considered a transition period.

In December 1993, Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, the son of previous president Eduardo Frei Montalva, led the coalition to victory. He was succeeded in 2000, by Socialist Ricardo Lagos. In January 2006, Chileans elected their first woman president, Michelle Bachelet Jeria, of the Socialist Party. She was sworn in on March 11, 2006, extending coalition governance for another four years.

Politics

Palacio de La Moneda in downtown Santiago

Chile's constitution was approved in a highly irregular national plebiscite in September 1980, under the military government of Augusto Pinochet. It entered into force in March 1981. After Pinochet's defeat in the 1988 plebiscite, the constitution was amended to ease provisions for future amendments. In September 2005, President Ricardo Lagos signed into law several constitutional amendments that eliminated the positions of appointed senators and senators for life, granted the president authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces, and reduced the presidential term from six to four years. The president is constitutionally barred from serving consecutive terms.

Chile's bicameral Congress has a 38-seat Senate and a 120-member Chamber of Deputies. Senators serve for eight years with staggered terms, while deputies are elected every four years. The Congress is located in the port city of Valparaíso, about 84 miles (140 km) west of the capital, Santiago.

Chile's congressional elections are governed by a binomial system that rewards large representations. Therefore, there are only two Senate and two Deputy seats apportioned to each electoral district; parties are forced to form wide coalitions and, historically, the two largest coalitions (Concertación and Alianza) split most of the seats in a district. Only if the leading coalition ticket outpolls the second-place coalition by a margin of more than 2-to-1 does the winning coalition gain both seats. In 2005, both leading parties lost representation in favor of their respective allies, the Socialist Party (which became the biggest party in the Concertación bloc) and National Renewal in the right-wing alliance. The Communist Party again failed to gain any seats in the election.

Chile's judiciary is independent and includes a court of appeal, a system of military courts, a constitutional tribunal, and the Supreme Court. In June 2005, Chile completed a nationwide overhaul of its criminal justice system. The reform replaced inquisitorial proceedings with an adversarial system more similar to that of the United States.

Administrative divisions

Chile is divided into fifteen regions, each of which is headed by an intendant appointed by the president. Every region is further divided into provinces, with a provincial governor also appointed by the president. Finally, each province is divided into communes, which are administered by municipalities, each with its own mayor and councilmen elected by their inhabitants for four years.

Foreign relations

Former President Ricardo Lagos with U.S. President George W. Bush

Since its return to democracy in 1990, Chile has been an active participant in the international political arena. Chile completed a two-year non-permanent position on the UN Security Council in January 2005. José Miguel Insulza, a Chilean national, was elected Secretary General of the Organization of American States in May 2005. Chile is an active member of the UN family of agencies and participates in UN peacekeeping activities. Chile hosted the Community of Democracies ministerial in April 2005. An associate member of Mercosur and a full member of APEC, Chile has been an important actor on international economic issues and hemispheric free trade.

The Chilean government has diplomatic relations with most countries. It settled its territorial disputes with Argentina during the 1990s. Chile and Bolivia severed diplomatic ties in 1978 over Bolivia's desire to reacquire territory it lost to Chile in the 1879-83 War of the Pacific. The two countries maintain consular relations and are represented at the Consul General level.

Military

Chile is, after Brazil, the country that invests the most in defense in South America. Chile's armed forces are subject to civilian control exercised by the president through the minister of defense. The president has the authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces. The army is one of the most professional and technologically advanced in Latin America.

With the return of democratic government, the national police were placed under the operational control of the Interior Ministry but remained under the nominal control of the Defense Ministry. The force of 30,000 men and women is responsible for law enforcement, traffic management, narcotics suppression, border control, and counter-terrorism throughout Chile.

Economy

Santiago Stock Exchange

Airbus A340 of LAN Airlines, the largest in Latin America.

Skyline of Santiago's Financial District

Port of Valparaíso

Chile has pursued generally sound economic policies for nearly three decades. The 1973-90 military government sold many state-owned companies, and the three democratic governments since 1990 have continued privatization, though at a slower pace. The government's role in the economy is mostly limited to regulation, although the state continues to operate copper giant CODELCO and a few other enterprises (there is one state-run bank).

Chile is strongly committed to free trade and has welcomed large amounts of foreign investment. It has signed free trade agreements (FTAs) with a whole network of countries, including the United States, the European Union, South Korea, New Zealand, Singapore, Brunei, the People's Republic of China, and Japan. It reached a partial trade agreement with India in 2005 and began negotiations for a full-fledged FTA with India in 2006.

High domestic savings and investment rates helped propel Chile's economy to average growth rates of 8 percent during the 1990s. The privatized national pension system (AFP) encouraged domestic investment. However, the AFP is not without its critics, who cite low participation rates (only 55 percent of the working population is covered), with groups such as the self-employed outside the system. There has also been criticism of its inefficiency and high costs due to a lack of competition among pension funds. Critics cite loopholes in the use of pension savings through lump sum withdrawals for the purchase of a second home or payment of university fees as fundamental weaknesses of the AFP.

Despite enjoying a comparatively higher GDP and more robust economy compared to most other countries of Latin America, Chile suffers from one of the most uneven distributions of wealth in the world, ahead only of Brazil in the Latin American region and lagging behind even that of most developing sub-Saharan African nations.

Chile is the world's fifth exporter of wine.

Chile's approach to foreign direct investment is codified in the country's Foreign Investment Law, which gives foreign investors the same treatment as Chileans. Registration is simple and transparent, and foreign investors are guaranteed access to the official foreign exchange market to repatriate their profits and capital.

Foreign trade

Chile is responsible for over a third of world's copper production

The main destinations for Chilean exports include the Americas, Asia, and Europe.

Chile’s overall trade profile has traditionally been dependent upon copper exports. The state-owned firm CODELCO is the world's largest copper-producing company, with recorded copper reserves of 200 years. Chile has made efforts to expand nontraditional exports. The most important non-mineral exports are forestry and wood products, fresh fruit and processed food, fishmeal and seafood, and wine.

Chile is a strong proponent of pressing ahead on negotiations for a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) and is active in the WTO’s Doha round of negotiations, principally through its membership in the G-20 and Cairns Group.

Demographics

About 85 percent of the country's population lives in urban areas, with 40 percent living in Greater Santiago.

Racial structure

The bulk of the Chilean population are mestizos, descendants of colonial Spanish immigrants and Amerindian females. Chile's ethnic structure can be classified as 30 percent white, 5 percent Native American, and 65 percent predominantly white mestizos. Whites are mostly Spanish in origin (mainly Castillians, Andalusians, and Basques), and to a much lesser degree from Chile's various waves of immigrants. The black population was always scant, reaching a high of 25,000 during the colonial period. The current original Native population is relatively small, although their numbers are augmented when one takes into consideration those who are physically similar and those who are linguistically or socially thought to belong to them.

Immigration

Panoramic view of Reñaca, Viña del Mar.

Relative to its overall population, Chile never experienced any large-scale wave of immigrants. The total number of immigrants to Chile, both originating from other Latin American countries and all other (mostly European) countries, never surpassed 4 percent of its total population. This is not to say that immigrants were not important to the evolution of Chilean society and the Chilean nation. Basque families who migrated to Chile in the eighteenth century vitalized the economy and joined the old Castillian aristocracy to become the political elite that still dominates the country.

Some non-Spanish European immigrants arrived in Chile - mainly to the northern and southern extremities of the country—during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including English, Germans, Irish, Italians, French, Croatians, and other former Yugoslavians. The prevalence of non-Hispanic European surnames among the governing body of modern Chile testifies to their disproportionate contribution.

Also worth mentioning are the Korean and Palestinian communities, the latter being the largest colony of that people outside of the Arab world. The volume of immigrants from neighboring countries to Chile during those same periods was similar.

Culture

Gabriela Mistral, Nobel Prize for Literature (1945).

Northern Chile was an important center of culture in the medieval and early modern Inca civilization, while the central and southern regions were areas of Mapuche cultural activity. Following their conquest and during the early Republican period, the culture was dominated by the Spanish. Other European influences, primarily English and French, began in the nineteenth century and continue to this day.

The national dance is the cueca. Another form of traditional Chilean song, though not a dance, is the tonada. Arising from music imported by the Spanish colonists, it is distinguished from the cueca by an intermediate melodic section and a more prominent melody. In the mid-1960s native musical forms were revitalized by the Parra family with the Nueva Canción Chilena, which was associated with political activists and reformers, and by the folk singer and researcher on folklore and Chilean ethnography Margot Loyola.

Chileans call their country país de poetas (land of poets). Gabriela Mistral was the first Chilean to win a Nobel Prize for Literature (1945). Chile's most famous poet, however, is Pablo Neruda, who also won the Nobel Prize for Literature (1971) and is world renowned for his extensive works on romance, nature, and politics.

Tourism

Municipal Theater of Santiago.

Contemporary Art Museum.

Tourism has become one of Chile's main sources of revenue.

The main attractions for tourists are places of natural beauty situated in the extreme zones of the country:

San Pedro de Atacama, in the north, is very popular with foreign tourists who arrive to admire the Incaic architecture and the altiplano lakes of the Valley of the Moon.
Putre, also in the north, has Chungará Lake, as well as the Parinacota and the Pomerape volcanoes, with altitudes of 6,348 m and 6,222 m, respectively.
Throughout the central Andes there are many ski resorts of international repute.
In the south, the main tourist sites are Chiloé island, Patagonia, the San Rafael Lagoon, with its many glaciers, and the Towers of Paine national park.
The central port city of Valparaíso, with its unique architecture, is also popular. Due to its proximity to Santiago, the coast of the Valparaíso Region, with its many beach resorts, receives the largest amount of local tourists.
Easter Island, with its famous Moai stone sculputures, is probably the main Chilean tourist destination.
Viña del Mar, Valparaíso's northern affluent neighbor, is popular due to its beaches, casino, and its annual song festival, the most important musical event in Latin America.

Language

The official language is Spanish, though it is difficult for foreigners to understand due to the dropping of final syllables and "s" sounds, the very soft pronunciation of some consonants, and the high levels of slang employed, particularly in Santiago and the surrounding areas. Chileans also tend to speak much faster than natives of neighboring countries.

Religion

Chile is a traditionally Roman Catholic nation. Other denominations or groupings include: Protestant or evangelical Christians, Jehovah's Witnesses, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Jewish, atheist or agnostic.

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 CIA, Chile: People and Society World Factbook. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
↑ Resultados Definitivos Censo 2017 National Statistics Institute (Chile), January 1, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021: Chile International Monetary Fund. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
↑ Inequality - Income inequality OECD. Retrieved March 23, 2022.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Dyson, Steph. Chile: With Rapa Nui. Moon Travel, 2020. ISBN 978-1640492752
McCarthy, Carolyn , Cathy Brown, Mark Johanson, Kevin Raub, and Regis St Louis. Chile & Easter Island. Lonely Planet, 2018. ISBN 978-1786571656
Rector, John. The History of Chile. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003. ISBN 0313317593
Wintgens, Jennifer, and Marion Trutter. Chile. Koenemann, 2019. ISBN 978-3741920196

Gallery of images

Licancabur Volcano in the Atacama Desert of Northern Chile
Torres del Paine, part of the Cordillera del Paine in Torres del Paine National Park.
The town of San Juan Bautista, Robinson Crusoe Island.
Grey Glacier, Southern Chile.
Baker River, Patagonia.
Conguillío National Park.
Moai on Easter Island.

External links

All links retrieved December 10, 2023.

Government of Chile
Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile - Library of National Congress of Chile
Poder Judicial - Judiciary
Banco Central - Central Bank
Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE) - National Statistics Institute
Atacama Chile
Native flora
Chile CIA, World Factbook
U.S. Relations With Chile U.S. Department of State

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Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

[CIAPeople-1] 1.0 ^1.1 CIA, Chile: People and Society World Factbook. Retrieved March 23, 2022.

[population-2] Resultados Definitivos Censo 2017 National Statistics Institute (Chile), January 1, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2022.

[imf-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021: Chile International Monetary Fund. Retrieved March 23, 2022.

[4] Inequality - Income inequality OECD. Retrieved March 23, 2022.

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