Demographics of South Korea
The Korean people are the most homogeneous people on earth. Although many nations have invaded and occupied Korea, and some have left their genetic marks, for the most part Koreans have maintained their racial purity. Although racial purity is one reason the Korean people have survived as a nation until today, that is not the fundamental reason. The fundamental reason for the survival and prosperity of the Korean people in the face of numerous challenges lies in their cultural heritage, their religious and philosophical traditions.
Background
Although a variety of different Asian peoples had migrated to the Korean Peninsula in past centuries, few have remained permanently, so by 1990 both South Korea and North Korea numbered among the world's most ethnically homogeneous nations. The indigenous minorities population amounted to negligible number. In South Korea, people of foreign origin, including Westerners, Chinese, and Japanese, amounted to a small percentage of the population who generally resided in the country temporarily.
Like their Japanese neighbors, Koreans tend to equate nationality or citizenship with membership in a single, homogeneous ethnic group or "race" (minjok, in Korean). Koreans view a common language and culture as important elements in Korean identity. The idea of multiracial or multi-ethnic nations, like India or the United States, strikes many Koreans as odd or even contradictory. That consciousness of homogeneity constitutes a major reason why Koreans on both sides of the DMZ viewed their country's division as an unnatural and unnecessary tragedy.
Regional differences
Against the background of ethnic homogeneity, however, significant regional differences exist. Within South Korea, the most important regional difference exists between the Gyeongsang region, embracing Gyeongsangbuk-do and Gyeongsangnam-do provinces in the southeast, and the Jeolla region, embracing Jeollabuk-do and Jeollanam-do provinces in the southwest. The two regions, separated by the Jirisan Massif, nurture a rivalry said to reach back to the Three Kingdoms of Korea Period, which lasted from the fourth century to the seventh century C.E., when the kingdoms of Baekje and Silla struggled for control of the peninsula. Observers noted that interregional marriages rarely occur, and that as of 1990 a new four lane highway completed in 1984 between Gwangju and Daegu, the capitals of Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do provinces, have been unsuccessful in promoting travel between the two areas.
South Korea's political elite, including presidents Park Chung Hee, Chun Doo Hwan, and Roh Tae Woo, have come mainly from the Gyeongsang region. As a result, Gyeongsang has been a special beneficiary of government development assistance. By contrast, the Jeolla region has remained comparatively rural, undeveloped, and poor. Chronically disaffected, its people rightly or wrongly have a reputation for rebelliousness. Regional bitterness intensified with the May 1980 Gwangju massacre, in which government troops sent to quell an insurrection killed about 200 and perhaps many more inhabitants of the capital of Jeollanam-do. Many of the troops reportedly hailed from the Gyeongsang region.
Stereotypes
Regional stereotypes, like regional dialects, have been breaking down under the influence of centralized education, nationwide media, and the several decades of population movement since the Korean War. Stereotypes remain important in the eyes of many South Koreans. For example, Koreans tend to describe the people of Gyeonggi-do, surrounding Seoul, as cultured, and Chungcheong people, inhabiting the region embracing Chungcheongbuk-do and Chungcheongnam-do provinces, mild-mannered, manifesting true yangban virtues. The people view those from Gangwon-do in the northeast as poor and stolid, while Koreans perceive those from the northern provinces (now in North Korea) of Pyongan, Hwanghae, and Hamgyong as diligent and aggressive. Jeju Island is famous for its strong-minded and independent women.
Population trends
The population of South Korea has grown rapidly since the republic's establishment in 1948. In 1949, South Koreans numbered 20,188,641 people, by 1985 that number doubled to 40,466,577. Population growth average about 1.1 percent annually from 1949 to 1955, accelerating between 1955 and 1966 to an annual average of 2.8 percent, declining between 1966 to 1985 to an annual average of 1.7 percent. The population growth rate has slowed to 0.4 percent in 2003, a rate expected to continue through 2015. By 2003, the population in South Korea reached an estimated 47,700,000.
In 1955 41.2 percent of the population were under 15 years-of-age, falling to 38.3 percent in 1975, 34.2 percent in 1980, 29.9 percent in 1985, and 20 percent in 2002. In 2002, 68 percent of the population were 15 to 59 years-old, while 12 percent were 60 years-old or over. The slowdown in the population growth rate and a rise in the median age has begun to resemble developed countries.
The decline in the population growth rate after 1966 reflected the success of birth control programs. In 1962, the government of Park Chung Hee began a nationwide family planning program. Urbanization, later marriage ages for both men and women, higher education levels, a greater number of women in the labor force, and better health standards also lowered the population growth rate. In the late 1980s, the programs of distributing free birth control devices and information, classes for women on family planning methods, and the granting of special subsidies and privileges (such as low-interest housing loans) to parents who agreed to undergo sterilization retarded birth rates.
The 1973 Maternal and Child Health Law legalized abortion. In 1983, the government began suspending medical insurance benefits for maternal care for pregnant women with three or more children, denying tax deductions for education expenses to parents with two or more children. As in China, cultural attitudes pose problems for family planning programs. Korean parents have a strong preference for sons—who in Korea's Confucian value system—they expect to care for them in old age and carry on the family name—means that parents with only daughters usually continue to have children until a son is born. The government has encouraged married couples to have only one child, promoting the theme in public service advertising, which stresses "have a single child and raise it well."
In 2002, the age distribution in South Korea reached the following: 1–14 20 percent, 15–59 68 percent, 60+ 12 percent. Korean government expects the population to stabilize by the year 2023 at around 52.6 million people. In the words of Asiaweek magazine, the "stabilized tally will approximate the number of Filipinos in 1983, but squeezed into less than a third of their [the Philippines'] space." Korean mothers gave birth to 452,000 babies in 2006 (BR of 9.22) compared to 438,000 in 2005 (BR of 8.97), making birth rate in South Korea one of the lowest in the world.
Population settlement patterns
South Korea stands as one of the world's most densely populated countries, with an estimated 482 people per square kilometer in 2003. About 70 percent of South Korea's land area mountainous, forcing the population to concentrate in the lowland areas in densities greater than average.
The extreme crowding in South Korea in 1990 proved a major factor not only in economic development and in the standard of living but also in the development of social attitudes and human relationships. Continued population growth means that the shortage of space for living and working will grow more severe. According to the government's Economic Planning Board, the population density will be 530 people per square kilometer by 2023, the year of expected population stabilization.
Urbanization
South Korea's urban areas experienced rapid growth as farmers migrated to city factory jobs. Seoul had a population of about 190,000 people in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. During the closing years of the Joseon Dynasty, and the first years of Japanese colonial rule, the urban population of Korea amounted to three percent of the total. The urban portion of the population grew to 11.6 percent in 1940. Between 1945 and 1985, the urban population grew from 14.5 percent to 65.4 percent of the total population.
By the end of the twentieth century, the urban population reached 78.3 percent. Demographers attribute most of that urban increase to migration rather than to natural growth of the urban population. Urban birth rates have generally been lower than the national average. The urban population reaching 84 percent of the total population in 2003.
The dislocation caused by the Korean War accounted for the rapid increase in urban population during the early 1950s. Hundreds of thousands of refugees, many of them from North Korea, streamed into the cities. During the post-Korean War period, rural people left their ancestral villages in search of greater economic and educational opportunities in the cities. By the late 1960s, migration had become a serious problem, not only because of terrible overcrowding in the cities, but also because the rural areas lost the most youthful and productive members of their labor force.
In the early 1970s, the Park Chung Hee government launched the Saemaul undong (New Community Movement) as a rural reconstruction and self-help movement to improve economic conditions in the villages, close the wide gap in income between rural and urban areas, and stem urban migration. By the 1970s, many, if not most, farming and fishing villages consisted of older persons; relatively few able-bodied men and women remained to work in the fields or to fish.
To alleviate overcrowding in Seoul's downtown area, the city government drew up a master plan in the mid-1980s that developed four "core zones" in 2000: the original downtown area, Yongdongp'o-Yoido, Yongdong, and Ch'amsil. The plan established satellite towns. Rapid urban growth has brought familiar problems to developed and developing countries alike. The construction of large numbers of high-rise apartment complexes in Seoul and other large cities alleviated housing shortages to some extent. But that also imposed hardship on the tens of thousands of people obliged to relocate from their old neighborhoods because they could not afford the rents in the new buildings. Squatter areas consisting of one-story shacks still existed in some parts of Seoul.
Only the wealthiest enjoyed housing with ample space. The concentration of factories in urban areas, the rapid growth of motorized traffic, and the widespread use of coal for heating during the severe winter months have caused dangerous levels of air and water pollution. Although environmental awareness has increased, a polluted environment will adversely affect the quality of life in the cities for some time to come. According to a 2006 study completed by the National Statistical Office, South Korea's population will peak at 49.3 million in 2018 and then start to decline due to the country's low birth rate. South Korea has the lowest birth rate in the developed world, with an average of 1.08 children per woman.
Ethnic groups
South Korea is a homogeneous society with absolute majority of the population of Korean ethnicity. In 1970, an estimate of 120,000 Chinese resided in South Korea. Due to economic restrictions by the Korean government, the number officially fell to around 21,000 today. The actual number may be higher since many Chinese work and reside in Korea illegally. In a 10-year period starting in the late 1990s the number of Chinese in Korea exploded. Estimates place at least 300,000 and possibly more than 1,000,000 Chinese in Korea fall into categories of Korean-Chinese (조선족), permanent residents and/or illegal Han Chinese (한족)immigrants .[1][2] [3] [4]A large Chinese community lives in Seoul's Daerim/Namguro area and a smaller but established community in Seongnam. That Chinese-Korean community, known as Hwakyo (화교) by the Koreans, distrusts ordinary Koreans and tend to avoid those unfamiliar to them. Migrant workers from the Philippines and Malaysia live and work and in the main cities, particularly Seoul. A small but growing number of foreigners related to business and education.
The number of marriages between Koreans and foreigners has risen steadily in the past few years. In 2005, South Korea marriages to foreigners accounted for 14 percent of all marriages (about 26,000 marriages). Many Korean agencies encourage 'international' marriages to Chinese, Vietnamese and Thai women, adding a new degree of complexity to the issue of ethnicity.[5] 29,000 United States military personnel serve in Korea.
Statistics
| Year | Population (July est.) | Growth rate (est.) | Age structure (est.) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | 49,044,790 | 0.394 percent |
|
| 2006 | 48,846,823 | 0.42 percent |
|
Age structure
Growth
- Birth rate: 10 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
- Total fertility rate: 1.08 children born/woman (August 2006 est.)
- Death rate: 5.85 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
- Infant mortality rate: 6.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
- Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio
- at birth: 1.13 male(s)/female
- under 15 years: 1.12 male(s)/female
- 15-99 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female
- total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2000 est.)
Life expectancy
- total population: 77.04 years
- male: 73.61 years
- female: 80.75 years (2006 est.)
Religions
- Nonreligious: 45.4 percent
- Christianity: 26.34 percent
- Buddhism: 26.26 percent
- Confucianists: 1 percent
- Other: 1 percent
Literacy
- Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
- total population: 97.9 percent
- male: 99.2 percent
- female: 96.6 percent (2002)
Notes
- ↑ Yonhap News recently used the smaller number in an article.
- ↑ Kim Hyung Jin, "No 'real' Chinatown in S. Korea, the result of xenophobic attitudes", (August 29, 2006). Retrieved February 26, 2008.
- ↑ A story on the Korean Hwakyo community by Tsinghua University reports the higher figure (“화교자본 끌어들이려면 화교사회 키워라”; in Korean)
- ↑ [1], Tsinghua University e-Campus, 2003. Retrieved February 26, 2008.
- ↑ Norimitsu Onishi. "Marriage brokers in Vietnam cater to S. Korean bachelors." February 21, 2007. International Herald Tribune.
- ↑ Source: CIA World Factbook 2006
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Hune, Shirley. Asian Americans: comparative and global perspectives. Pullman, Washington: Washington State University Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0874220711
- Kim, Hyŏng-nae, and Pok Song. Modern Korean Society: its development and prospect. Korea research monograph, 30. Berkeley, California: Center for Korean Studies, Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 2007. ISBN 978-1557290861
- Sorensen, Clark W. Over the mountains are mountains: Korean peasant households and their adaptations to rapid industrialization. Korean studies of the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0295965079
- This article contains material from the Library of Congress Country Studies, which are United States government publications in the public domain.
- This article contains material from the CIA World Factbook which, as a U.S. government publication, is in the public domain.
External links
All links retrieved July 26, 2022.
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