Forgiveness

Rembrandt - "The Return of the Prodigal Son"

Forgiveness is the mental, emotional, and spiritual process of letting go of resentment, indignation, or anger against another person for a perceived offense, difference, or mistake. It can also mean ceasing to demand punishment or restitution for transgressions, real or imagined. Although forgiveness may be granted without any expectation of compensation, and without any response on the part of the offender, it is sometimes necessary for the offender to offer some form of acknowledgment, apology, or restitution; this can often open the way for the person who perceives to be wronged to feel empowered to forgive.

The world's religions include teachings on the nature of forgiveness, and many of these teachings provide an underlying basis for varying modern day traditions and practices. Additionally, science is beginning to study concepts of forgiveness. Psychology, sociology, and medicine are among those scientific disciplines researching forgiveness and its impact on human wellness.

Some modern studies have sought to understand the relationship between forgiveness and justice; however the idea of unconditional forgiveness can be controversial as it does not require the offending party to change his or her behavior.

It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that the key to world peace lies in forgiving and in humankind's ability to transcend the barriers of race, nationality, and religion that have been a constant source of divisiveness and conflict throughout history. The willingness to forgive the violent acts that have occurred on both sides is the first step in achieving the reconciliation that is desired by many and which will allow the development of harmonious relationships among all people.

The Gift of Forgiveness

Viewing forgiveness as a gift suggests that forgiveness begins with a decision on the part of the person doing the forgiving. In this case the forgiver lets go of the resentment of a wrong or difference—either real or imagined. As the choice of forgiveness is made in the mind of the forgiver, it can apply to the release of any resentment; whether towards another, one's self, a group, a situation, or even towards God. According to this view, forgiveness of another can be granted without need for the other party to ask for forgiveness. The act of forgiveness has merit in and of itself and can stand alone without condition and is therefore separate from the perceived wrongdoer’s behavior.

Although forgiveness may be granted without any expectation of compensation, and without any response on the part of the offender, when the offender offers some form of acknowledgment, apology, or restitution this can often open the way for the person who perceives to be wronged to feel empowered to forgive.

As a gift to one's self, forgiveness can alleviate a person's hurt or emotional turmoil, help one to gain closure, and assist in the processing of moving forward with one's life. Conversely, forgiveness as a gift to the forgiven provides them with a clear path for overcoming their resultant guilt and shame, which may be a consequence of their action(s) or inaction. Advocates of this view generally maintain that forgiveness does not entail condoning the wrong or difference that occasioned the resentment. Forgiveness of this nature is sometimes referred to as "selective remembering," whereby one focuses only upon love or loving thoughts and the letting go of negative thoughts.

While for many forgiveness seems impossible, and the need for justice overwhelming, there are those who have found it in their hearts to forgive even those who caused them the deepest pain. The result of such forgiveness can lead to healing and positive change for all.

Religious and Spiritual Views on Forgiveness

Did you know?

Most world religions include teachings on the nature of forgiveness

Most world religions include teachings on the nature of forgiveness, and many of these teachings provide an underlying basis for modern day traditions and practices of forgiveness. Some religious doctrines place greater emphasis on the need for humans to find divine forgiveness for their own shortcomings, others place greater emphasis on the need for humans to practice forgiveness of one another, yet others make little or no distinction between human and divine forgiveness.

Unfortunately, while the sacred texts and the lives of the founders of world religions teach forgiveness, the followers have not always practiced forgiveness. This is particularly noticeable in the religious wars that have scarred human history where members of different faiths have used violence against those who do not follow the same religious path. Nevertheless, each of the following religions has much of value to say about forgiveness.

Christianity

According to traditional Christian teachings, the forgiveness of others is one of the spiritual duties of the Christian believer:

You shall not take vengeance or bear any grudge against the sons of your own people, but you shall love your neighbor as yourself: I am the Lord. (Leviticus 19.18)

God is considered to be the original source of all forgiveness, which is made possible through the suffering and sacrifice of Jesus, and is freely available to the repentant believer. As a response to God's forgiveness, the Christian believer is in turn expected to learn how to forgive others; some might argue that the forgiveness of others is a necessary part of receiving forgiveness ourselves:

Then Peter came up and said to him, "Lord, how often shall my brother sin against me, and I forgive him? As many as seven times?" Jesus said to him, "I do not say to you seven times, but seventy times seven. … And in anger his lord delivered him to the jailers, till he should pay all his debt. So also my heavenly Father will do to every one of you, if you do not forgive your brother from your heart." (Matthew 18.21-35)

In fact, the Lord's Prayer (Gospel of Matthew 6:9–13), implies that our being forgiven by God is predicated upon our ability to forgive others. Christians are advised to forgive others before making their offering to God:

If you are offering your gift at the altar, and there remember that your brother has something against you, leave your gift there before the altar and go; first be reconciled to your brother, and then come and offer your gift. (Matthew 5.23-24)

The Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christian churches teach that God's forgiveness of the believer is mediated by the Church, generally through traditional ritual acts involving an ordained priest. In these churches, and in some Anglican churches, it is customary to make a formal confession of sins individually in the presence of a priest, and to obtain absolution as a formal expression by the church of God's forgiveness.

Forgiveness that needs to be earned is only considered if forgiveness is requested or earned through means such as atonement, restitution, or by the offering of sincere apology. Such forgiveness often requires some sort of promise that the offending act or behavior will not be repeated. Forgiveness under these circumstances would be considered conditional upon the actions or words of the perceived wrongdoer. Certain religious views of forgiveness fall under this category, especially when considering receiving forgiveness from God. An example of this would be penance practiced by Catholics and certain other Christian denominations; other religions have similar practices as well.

Most Protestant denominations teach that a believer receives forgiveness directly through a sincere expression of repentance to God, and that the believer completes this in the act of forgiving others. Protestant denominations generally place more emphasis on the need for private or informal repentance, and less emphasis on the need for formal or public repentance. However, both Catholics and Orthodox Christians cite scriptural support for a mediated confession by quoting Jesus's direction to his apostles: "whose sins you forgive are forgiven them, and whose sins you retain are retained." Hence, the distinction that only God—or one of His representatives—can forgive sins is cited by Catholics and Protestants alike.

It is taught by most denominations that the substitutionary sacrifice of Jesus via the crucifixion is the vehicle through which God forgives the believer of his or her sins. The sacrament of communion is regarded as central to the reception of divine forgiveness.

Judaism

According to the tenets of Judaic faith, if a person harms another, but then sincerely and honestly apologizes to the wronged individual and tries to rectify the wrong, the wronged individual is required to grant forgiveness:

It is forbidden to be obdurate and not allow yourself to be appeased. On the contrary, one should be easily pacified and find it difficult to become angry. When asked by an offender for forgiveness, one should forgive with a sincere mind and a willing spirit…. forgiveness is natural to the seed of Israel. (Mishneh Torah, Teshuvah 2:10)

But if the wrongdoer does not apologize, there is no religious obligation to grant forgiveness.This is because Judaism is focused on the personal responsibility of the wrongdoer. It is the wrongdoer's responsibility to recognize their wrongdoing and to seek forgiveness from those who have been harmed.

Additionally, in Judaism, a person must apologize to those she/he has harmed in order to be entitled to forgiveness. This means that, unlike in Christianity, in Judaism a person cannot obtain forgiveness from God for wrongs they have done to others. A person can only obtain forgiveness from God for wrongs done to God. For instance, should person A assault person B, person A would have to obtain forgiveness from both person B (for the assault) and God (for breaking God's law against assault). This is similar to how the criminal justice system in many countries works; in America, for example, an assault is considered both an offense against the government (leading to criminal prosecution) and an offense against the individual (leading to possible tort damages claims). Lord Jonathan Sacks, Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth summed this concept up as follows:

It is not that God forgives, while human beings do not. To the contrary, we believe that just as only God can forgive sins against God, so only human beings can forgive sins against human beings. That is why Yom Kippur atones for our sins against God, but not for our sins against other human beings.

In any case, a Jew may forgive if they so choose even if the offender has not apologized:

If one who has been wronged by another does not wish to rebuke or speak to the offender—because the offender is simple or confused—then if he sincerely forgives him, neither bearing him ill-will nor administering a reprimand, he acts according to the standard of the pious. (Deot 6:9)

Jews observe a Day of Atonement on Yom Kippur when they reflect on reconciling with both God and neighbor. Just prior to Yom Kippur, Jews will ask forgiveness of those they have wronged during the prior year (if they have not already done so). On the day itself, Jews fast and pray for God's forgiveness for the transgressions they have made against God in the prior year. Sincere repentance is required since God can only forgive one for the sins one has committed against God; this is why it is necessary for Jews also to seek the forgiveness of those people who they have wronged.

Islam

Islam teaches that God (Allah in Arabic) is 'the most forgiving', and is the original source of all forgiveness. Depending on the type of wrong committed, forgiveness can come either directly from Allah, or from one's fellow man. In the case of divine forgiveness, the asking for divine forgiveness through repentance is important. In the case of human forgiveness, it is important to both forgive, and to be forgiven.

The Qur'an does seem to make allowances, in certain instances, for aggressive behavior on the part of Muslim believers, and such allowances have been construed by some observers as condoning retributive behavior. However, such exceptions are only made within the Qur'an in cases of defending one's faith, one's life, or one's property. This interpretative debate about when to forgive and when to aggressively attack or defend continues to this day within the Muslim community.

For the most part, the Qur'an makes it clear that it is better to forgive another than to attack another:

Although the just requital for an injustice is an equivalent retribution, those who pardon and maintain righteousness are rewarded by GOD. He does not love the unjust. (Qur'an 42:40).

There are no particular words to say for asking forgiveness. However, Muslims are taught many phrases and words to keep repeating daily asking God's forgiveness. For example:

• Astaghfiru-Allah, "I ask forgiveness from Allah"
• Subhanaka-Allah humma wa bi hamdika wa ash-hadu al la Ilaha illa Anta astaghfiruka wa atubu ilayk, "Glory be to You, Allah, and with You Praise (thanks) and I bear witness that there is no deity but You, I ask Your forgiveness and I return to You (in obedience)."

Islamic teaching presents the prophet Muhammad as an example of someone who would forgive others for their ignorance, even those who might have once considered themselves to be his enemies. One example of Muhammad's practice of forgiveness can be found in the Hadith, the body of early Islamic literature about the life of Muhammad:

The Prophet (may peace be upon him) was the most forgiving person. He was ever ready to forgive his enemies. When he went to Ta’if to preach the message of Allah, its people mistreated him, abused him and hit him with stones. He left the city humiliated and wounded. When he took shelter under a tree, the angel of Allah visited him and told him that Allah sent him to destroy the people of Ta’if because of their sin of maltreating their Prophet. Muhammad (may peace be upon him) prayed to Allah to save the people of Ta'if, because what they did was out of their ignorance.

Buddhism

In Buddhism, forgiveness is seen as a practice to prevent harmful emotions from creating havoc with one’s sense of well-being. Buddhism recognizes that feelings of hatred and ill-will leave a lasting effect on our mind and that forgiveness encourages the cultivation of wholesome emotions. Buddhism places emphasis on the concepts of Mettā (loving kindness), karuna (compassion), mudita (sympathetic joy), and upekkhā (equanimity), as a means to avoid the build up of resentment in the first place. These ideals are reflected upon in order to help us understand the greater context of suffering in the world:

In contemplating the law of karma, we realize that it is not a matter of seeking revenge but of practicing metta and forgiveness, for the victimizer is, truly, the most unfortunate of all.

When resentments arise, the Buddhist view is to calmly proceed to release them by going back to their roots. Buddhism centers on release from delusion and suffering through meditation and through receiving insight into the nature of reality.

Buddhism questions the reality of the passions that make forgiveness necessary as well as the reality of the objects of those passions. "If we haven’t forgiven, we keep creating an identity around our pain, and that is what is reborn. That is what suffers."

Hinduism

The concept of performing atonement for one's wrongdoing (Prayaschitta—Sanskrit: Penance), and asking for forgiveness is an integral part of Hinduism's teaching. Prayashitta is related to the law of Karma. Karma is a sum of all that an individual has done, is currently doing and will do. In Hinduism it is believed that our deeds actively create present and future experiences, thus making one responsible for one's own life, and for the pain one may have caused another.

From the Mahabharata, when addressing Dhritarashtra, Vidura says:

There is one only defect in forgiving persons...that defect is that people take a forgiving person to be weak. That defect, however, should not be taken into consideration, for forgiveness is a great power. Forgiveness subdues (all) in this world; what is there that forgiveness cannot achieve? What can a wicked person do unto him who carries the sabre of forgiveness in his hand?

An even more authoritative statement about forgiveness is espoused by Krishna, who is considered to be an incarnation (avatar) of Vishnu by Hindus. Krishna espouses in the Gita that forgiveness is a characteristics of one born to realize a divine state. (Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 16, verse 3).

Psychological Theories of Forgiveness

The need to forgive is widely recognized by the public, but they are often at a loss for ways to accomplish it. Only in the last few decades of the twentieth century has forgiveness received attention from psychologists and educators. Prior to that time forgiveness was a practice left primarily to matters of faith, although philosophers have also studied the concept of forgiveness as something apart from religious adherence. Now a general consensus has emerged that forgiveness is a process.

Forgiveness is understood to be the mental, emotional, and spiritual process of letting go of resentment, indignation, or anger against another person for a perceived offense, difference, or mistake. It can also mean ceasing to demand punishment or restitution for transgressions, real or imagined. Forgiveness can be motivated by love, philosophy, empathy, personal temperament, or pragmatism, including fear and obligation.

Studies show that people who forgive are happier and healthier than those who hold resentments. The positive benefit of forgiveness appears similar whether it was based upon religious or secular counseling.

A number of researchers have developed models of forgiveness, including step by step approaches that allow people to practice and improve their ability to forgive. Robert Enright, a pioneer of forgiveness studies, developed a 20-step Model of Forgiveness.

Everett Worthington, a lecturer and author on the subject of forgiveness, has developed the Pyramid Model of Forgiveness. This model involves: recall the hurt; empathize; altruistic gift of forgiveness; commit to forgive; holding onto forgiveness.

Forgiveness and Power

Some modern studies have sought to understand the relationship between forgiveness and justice. In this context, unconditional forgiveness can be controversial as it does not require the offending party to change his or her behavior.

Yoga teachers Joel Kramer and Diana Alstead analyzed the practice of unconditional love and forgiveness as a precursor to authoritarian control and misuse of power. Based on their study of various religions, they suggested that religious imperatives of forgiveness are sometimes used to perpetrate cycles of ongoing abuse: "to forgive without requiring the other to change is not only self-destructive, but ensures a dysfunctional relationship will remain so by continually rewarding mistreatment."

Kramer and Alstead have also asserted that while faith-based ideals of forgiveness may appear selfless, they in fact contain an implicitly selfish aspect:

When forgiving contains a moral component, there is moral superiority in the act itself that can allow one to feel virtuous. … As long as one is judging the other … how much letting go can there be? … For many people, forgiving is an area of confusion both intellectually and emotionally.

Forgiveness and the Resolution of Conflict

Forgiveness 2 - part of the Forgiveness series by Carlos Latuff.

In a landmark study done on Intergroup conflict and forgiveness in Northern Ireland, Ed Cairns from the University of Ulster attempted to identify barriers to forgiveness between Catholics and Protestants who had been locked in a bitter historical struggle. Cairns noted that, "The assumption is that deep down everyone would like to forgive but in fact many people don't want to—especially in Northern Ireland where the wounds run deep." The report continued to reveal that many Northern Irish—Protestants, Catholics, Unionists, and Republicans alike—preferred to hold on to, rather than forgive, the past. However, in light of the recent peace accord reached between Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Cairns commented, "I never thought I'd reach a day where I could think about forgiveness in Northern Ireland. But here I am."

Christian Holocaust survivor, author, and lecturer, Corrie Ten Boom recounts in her book Tramp for the Lord her overwhelming struggle to forgive a concentration camp guard from Ravensbrück where both her father and sister perished. Describing her agonizing experience in her book she explains,

Betsie had died in that place—could he erase her slow terrible death simply for the asking? It could not have been many seconds that he stood there, hand held out, but to me it seemed hours as I wrestled with the most difficult thing I had ever had to do. For I had to do it—I knew that. The message that God forgives has a prior condition: that we forgive those who have injured us. "If you do not forgive men their trespasses," Jesus says, "neither will your Father in Heaven forgive your trespasses."

Ten Boom goes on to say that it was those prison camp survivors that were able to forgive the Nazi atrocities who were able to successfully rebuild their lives after the war.

Actor George Takei spoke in a similar vein, implying that forgiveness is a decision. Speaking of his family's experience in a U.S. Japanese Internment camp during World War II he said, "my father said ... if you don't forgive, the only person that's being punished is yourself. You can move forward."

Notable quotes on forgiveness

• "Without being forgiven, released from the consequences of what we have done, our capacity to act would, as it were, be confined to a single deed from which we could never recover; we would remain the victims of its consequences forever, not unlike the sorcerer’s apprentice, who lacked the magic formula to break the spell." Hannah Arendt

• "Forgiveness does not change the past, but it does enlarge the future." Paul Boese

• "The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong." Mahatma Gandhi

• "Forgiveness is the answer to the child's dream of a miracle by which what is broken is made whole again, what is soiled is again made clean." - Dag Hammarskjold

• "He that cannot forgive others, breaks the bridge over which he himself must pass if he would ever reach heaven; for everyone has need to be forgiven." George Herbert

• "Love is the only force capable of transforming an enemy into friend." Martin Luther King, Jr.
• "God forgives us. … Who am I not to forgive? " Alan Paton

• "You will know that forgiveness has begun when you recall those who hurt you and feel the power to wish them well." Lewis Smedes

• "Forgetting is something that time takes care of, but forgiveness is an act of volition, and only the sufferer is qualified to make the decision." Simon Wiesenthal

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Enright, Robert. Forgiveness is a Choice. American Psychological Association, 2001. ISBN 1557987572
• Forward, Susan. Toxic Parents: Overcoming Their Hurtful Legacy and Reclaiming Your Life. New York, NY: Bantam, 2002 (original 1990). ISBN 0553381407
• Griffiths, Bill, and Cindy Griffiths. The Road To Forgiveness: Hearts Shattered by Tragedy, Transformed by Love. Thomas Nelson, 2001. ISBN 0785266917
• Kramer, Joel, and Diana Alstead. The Guru Papers: Masks of Authoritarian Power. Frog Books, 1993. ISBN 1883319005
• Lampert, Khen. Traditions of Compassion: From Religious Duty to Social Activism. London: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2005. ISBN 1403985278
• Lomax, Eric. The Railway Man: A POW's Searing Account of War, Brutality, and Forgiveness. New York, NY: W W Norton & Co Inc., 1995. ISBN 0393039102
• Safer, Jeanne. Forgiving and Not Forgiving: Why Sometimes It's Better Not to Forgive. HarperCollins, 2000. ISBN 0380794713
• Schmidt Doug. The Prayer of Revenge: Forgiveness in the Face of Injustice. Cook Communications Ministries. 2003. ISBN 0781439426
• Sittser, Gerald L. A Grace Disguised: How the Soul Grows Loss. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Books, 1996. ISBN 0310202302
• Stanley, Charles. The Gift of Forgiveness. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, Inc., 1991. ISBN 0785264159
• Ten Boom, Corrie. Tramp for the Lord. Berkeley Trade, 2002. ISBN 0340863765
• Tipping, Colin. Radical Forgiveness: A Revolutionary Five-Stage Process to Heal Relationships, Let Go of Anger and Blame, and Find Peace in Any Situation. Sounds True, 2010. ISBN 1591797640
• Williamson, Marianne. Everyday Grace: Having hope, finding forgiveness, and making miracles. Riverhead, 2002. ISBN 1573222305
• Wilson, Andrew (ed.). World Scripture: A Comparative Anthology of Sacred Texts. New York, NY: Paragon House, 1998 (original 1991). ISBN 0892261293
• Worthington, Everett. Dimensions of Forgiveness. West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Foundation Press, 1998. ISBN 189015122X

External links

All links retrieved September 19, 2023.

• The Forgiveness Project
• What Is Forgiveness? The Greater Good Science Center at the University of California, Berkeley
• Forgiveness: Letting go of grudges and bitterness Mayo Clinic
• Forgiveness Psychology Today
• Forgiveness: Your Health Depends on It Johns Hopkins Medicine

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

• Forgiveness  ^history

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

• History of "Forgiveness"

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.