François-René de Chateaubriand

François-René de Chateaubriand, painting by Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson, circa 1808.

François-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand (September 4, 1768 – July 4, 1848) was a French writer, politician and diplomat. He is considered the founder of Romanticism in French literature. Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in late eighteenth-century Western Europe. In art and literature, it stressed strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience, placing a new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, horror, and the awe experienced in confronting the sublimity of nature. It elevated individual experience and honored heroic men, whatever their station in life. In part Romanticism developed as a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Enlightenment period and a reaction against the rationalization of nature. The name "romantic" itself comes from the term "romance," which is a prose or poetic heroic narrative originating in the medieval age.

Chateaubriand was the first to define the focus on human passions that would become a commonplace of Romanticism: "One inhabits, with a full heart, an empty world," he wrote in Génie du Christianisme. He thought to achieve this in his personal life by engagement with the world. He was the first of a series of French men of letters (Lamartine, Victor Hugo, André Malraux) who tried to mix political and literary careers.

Life

Early life and exile

Born in Saint-Malo, the last of ten children, Chateaubriand grew up in his family's castle in Combourg, Brittany. His father, René de Chateaubriand (1718-86), was a former sea captain turned ship owner. His mother was Apolline de Bedée. Chateaubriand's father was a morose, uncommunicative man and the young Chateaubriand grew up in an atmosphere of gloomy solitude, only broken by long walks in the Breton countryside and an intense friendship with his sister, Lucile.

Chateaubriand was educated in Dol, Rennes and Dinan. For a time he could not make up his mind whether he wanted to be a naval officer or a priest, but at the age of seventeen, he decided on a military career, gaining a commission as a second lieutenant in the French Army based at Navarre. Within two years, he had been promoted to the rank of captain. He visited Paris in 1788 where he made the acquaintance of Jean-François de La Harpe, André Chénier, Louis-Marcelin de Fontanes and other leading writers of the time. When the French Revolution broke out, Chateaubriand was initially sympathetic, but as events in Paris became more violent he decided to journey to North America in 1791. This experience would provide the setting for his exotic novels Les Natchez (written between 1793 and 1799 but published only in 1826), Atala (1801) and René (1802). His vivid, captivating descriptions of nature in the sparsely settled American Deep South were written in a style that was very innovative for the time and spearheaded what would later become the Romantic movement in France. Later scholarship has cast doubt on Chateaubriand's claim that he had been granted an interview with George Washington.

Chateaubriand returned to France in 1792, subsequently joining the army of Royalist émigrés in Koblenz. Under strong pressure from his family, he married a young aristocratic woman, Céleste Buisson de la Vigne, whom he had never previously met. In later life, Chateaubriand would be notoriously unfaithful to her, having a series of love affairs, but the couple would never divorce. His military career came to an end when he was wounded at the siege of Thionville, a major clash between Royalist troops and the French Revolutionary Army. Half-dead, he was carried to Jersey and exile in England, leaving his wife behind.

Chateaubriand spent most of his exile in extreme poverty in London, scraping a living by offering French lessons and doing translation work, but a stay in Suffolk was more idyllic. Here Chateaubriand fell in love with a young English woman, Charlotte Ives, but the romance ended when he was forced to reveal he was already married. During his time in Britain, Chateaubriand also became familiar with English literature. This reading, particularly of John Milton's Paradise Lost (which he later translated into French prose), would have a deep influence on his own literary work. His exile forced Chateaubriand to examine the causes of the French Revolution, which had cost the lives of many of his family and friends. These reflections inspired his first work, Essai sur les Révolutions (1797). A major turning point in Chateaubriand's life was his conversion back to the Roman Catholic faith of his childhood some time around 1798.

Consulate and Empire

Returning to France in May, 1800 (under the French Consulate), Chateaubriand edited the Mercure de France. In 1802, he won fame with Génie du christianisme ("The Genius of Christianity"), an apology for the Christian faith which contributed to the post-revolutionary religious revival in France.

Appointed secretary of the legation to the Holy See by Napoleon Bonaparte, he accompanied Cardinal Fesch to Rome. But the two men soon quarrelled and Chateaubriand was nominated as minister to Valais (in Switzerland). He resigned after the execution of the Duc d'Enghien in 1804. Chateaubriand was now forced to earn his living from his literary efforts. He planned to write an epic in prose, Les Martyrs, set during the Roman persecution of early Christianity. As part of his research for the book, in 1806 Chateaubriand visited Greece, Asia Minor, Palestine, Egypt and Spain. The notes he made on his travels would later form part of his Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem (Itinerary from Paris to Jerusalem), published in 1811; and the Spanish stage of the journey would inspire a third novella, Les aventures du dernier Abencérage (The Adventures of the Last Abencerrage), which appeared in 1826. On his return to France, he published a severe criticism of Napoleon, comparing the latter to Nero and predicting the emergence of a new Tacitus. The emperor banished him from Paris.

Chateaubriand settled at a modest estate he called La Vallée des Loups ("Wolf Valley"), near Aulnay. Here he finished Les Martyrs, which appeared in 1809, and began the first drafts of his memoirs. He was elected to the Académie française in 1811, but, given his plan to infuse his acceptance speech with criticism of the Revolution, he could not occupy his seat until after the Bourbon Restoration. His literary friends during this period included Madame de Staël, Joseph Joubert and Pierre-Simon Ballanche.

Ultra-royalist

After the fall of the French Empire, Chateaubriand rallied to the Bourbons, following them into exile to Ghent during the Hundred Days, and became Peer of France (1815). However, his criticism of King Louis XVIII after the Chambre introuvable was dissolved got him disgraced, and he soon joined the Ultra-royalist group supporting the future Charles X.

Chateaubriand sided again with the Court after the murder of the Duc de Berry (1820), served as ambassador to Prussia (1821) and the Kingdom of Great Britain (1822), and even rose to the office of Minister of Foreign Affairs (December 28, 1822 – August 4, 1824). A plenipotentiary to the Congress of Verona (1822), he decided in favor of the Quintuple Alliance intervention in Spain during the Trienio liberal, despite opposition from the Duke of Wellington. Although the move was considered a success, Chateaubriand was soon relieved of his office by Prime Minister Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph, comte de Villèle.

Liberalism and opposition to Louis-Philippe

Consequently, he moved towards the liberal opposition, both as a Peer and as a contributor to Journal des Débats (his articles there gave the signal of the paper's similar switch). He became highly popular as a defender of press freedom and the cause of Greek independence.

Charles X appointed him ambassador to the Holy See in 1828, but he resigned upon the accession of the Jules, Prince de Polignac as premier (November 1829).

In 1830, after the July Revolution his refusal to swear allegiance to the new House of Orléans king Louis-Philippe put an end to his political career. He withdrew from political life to write his Mémoires d'outre-tombe ("Memoirs from Beyond the Grave'," published posthumously 1848–1850), which is considered his most accomplished work, and his Études historiques (4 vols., designed as an introduction to a projected History of France). He also became a harsh critic of the Orléans regime, and his planned volume on the arrest of Caroline, duchesse de Berry caused him to be unsuccessfully prosecuted.

In his final years, he lived as a recluse, only leaving his house to pay visits to Juliette Récamier in l'Abbaye-aux-Bois. His final work, Vie de Rancé, was written at the suggestion of his confessor and published in 1844. It is a biography of Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé, a worldly seventeenth-century French aristocrat who withdrew from society to become the founder of the Trappist order of monks. The parallels with Chateaubriand's own life are striking. Chateaubriand died in Paris during the Revolution of 1848 and was buried, per his request, on an island near Saint-Malo, only accessible when the tide is out.

Influence

For his talent as much as his excesses, Chateaubriand may be considered the father of French Romanticism. His descriptions of Nature and his analysis of emotion made him the model for a generation of Romantic writers, not only in France but also abroad. In particular, Lord Byron was deeply impressed by René. The young Victor Hugo is said to have exclaimed, "I want to be Chateaubriand or nothing!" Even his enemies found it hard to avoid his influence. Stendhal, who despised him for political reasons, made use of his psychological analyses in his own book, De l'amour.

Chateaubriand was the first to define the vague des passions ("intimations of passion") which would become a commonplace of Romanticism: "One inhabits, with a full heart, an empty world" (Génie du Christianisme). His political thought and actions seem to offer numerous contradictions: he wanted to be the friend both of legitimist royalty and of freedom, alternately defending which of the two seemed most in danger: "I am a Bourbonist out of honour, a monarchist out of reason, and a republican out of taste and temperament." He was the first of a series of French men of letters (Lamartine, Victor Hugo, André Malraux) who tried to mix political and literary careers.

"We are convinced that the great writers have told their own story in their works," wrote Chateaubriand in Génie du christianisme,"one only truly describes one's own heart by attributing it to another, and the greater part of genius is composed of memories". This is certainly true of Chateaubriand himself. All his works have strong autobiographical elements, overt or disguised. Perhaps this is the reason why today Mémoires d'outre-tombe are regarded as his finest achievement.

Trivia

A food enthusiast, he coined the name of a cut of tenderloin (the Chateaubriand steak).

Works

• Essai sur les révolutions (1797)
• Atala (1801)
• René (1802)
• Génie du christianisme (1802)
• Les Martyrs (1809)
• Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem (1811)
• Mémoires sur la vie et la mort du duc de Berry (1820)
• Les Natchez (1826)
• Les Aventures du dernier Abencérage (1826)
• Études historiques (1831)
• La Vie de Rancé (1844)
• Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe (1848–1850)

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• This article incorporates text from an edition of the New International Encyclopedia that is in the public domain.
• Blum, Christopher Olaf (ed.). Critics of the Enlightenment: readings in the French counter-revolutionary tradition. Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2004. ISBN 1932236139
• Fumaroli, Marc. Chateaubriand: poésie et terreur. Paris: Fallois, 2003. ISBN 2877064832

Bibliography

• Chateaubriand's works were edited in 20 volumes by Sainte-Beuve, with an introductory study of his own (1859-60). Consult also: Saint-Beuve, Chateaubriand et son groupe littéraire (Paris, 1860), and other essays in Portraits contemporains, and Causerie de lundis, Nouveaux lundis, Premiers lundis; Vinet, Madame de Staël et Chateaubriand (Paris, 1857);
• Villemain, Chateaubriand, sa vie, ses éecrits et son influence (Paris, 1859);
• France, Lucile de Chateaubriand (Paris, 1879);
• Bardoux, Chateaubriand (Paris, 1893);
• Lescure, Chateaubriand (Paris, 1892);
• Pailhès, Chateaubriand, sa femme et ses amis (Bordeaux, 1896);
• Maurel, Essai sur Chateaubriand (Paris, 1899);
• Bertrin, La sincérité réligieuse de Chateaubriand (1901);
• Mémoires d'outreétombe, translated by Teixeira de Mattos (six volumes, New York and London, 1902).

• For the reality and fiction in Chateaubriand's American and other journeys, see J. Bédier, Etudes critiques (Paris, 1903);
• V. Girard, Chateaubriand: Etudes litt. (Paris, 1904);
• Stathers, Chateaubriand et l'Amérique (Grenoble, 1905);
• E. Champion, L'itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem par Julien, domestique de Chateaubriand (Paris, 1904).

• Other notable books are: Gribble, Chateaubriand and his Court of Women (New York, 1909);
• Lemaître, Chateaubriand (1912);
• Correspondance genéral de Chateaubriand, edited, with introduction, etc., by L. Thomas (three volumes, Paris, 1912-13).

External links

All links retrieved May 9, 2017.

• François-René de Chateaubriand New Advent
• Maison de Chateaubriand à la Vallée-aux-Loups
• Works by François-René de Chateaubriand. Project Gutenberg
• Complete Works Of Chateaubriand (in French for download)

Preceded by: Marie-Joseph Chénier

Seat 19 Académie française 1811–1848

Succeeded by: Paul de Noailles

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