Joseph (father of Jesus)
| Saint Joseph | |
|---|---|
 St. Joseph with the Infant Jesus by Guido Reni | |
| Foster-father of the Lord; the Betrothed | |
| Born | Unknown date B.C.E. |
| Died | Prior to the Passion (traditional) in Nazareth (traditional) |
| Feast | March 19 (Catholicism); Sunday after Nativity (Eastern Orthodoxy) |
| Attributes | Carpenter's square or tools, the infant Jesus, staff with blossoms |
| Patronage | The Universal Church, workers, against doubt and hesitation and of a happy death. Many others |
Joseph (also Joseph the Betrothed, Joseph of Nazareth, and Joseph the Worker) was, according to Christian tradition, the husband of Mary and the adopted father of Jesus of Nazareth. Christian faith holds that Joseph did not physically beget Jesus, but that Mary had conceived him through divine means.[1]
According the Matthew's Gospel, Joseph agonized over Mary's apparently illegitimate pregnancy but protected her and the unborn Jesus by accepting her as his wife after an angel appeared to him in a dream and directed him to do so. Receiving rich presents from mysterious eastern magi at Bethlehem after Jesus' birth, he then fled to Egypt to avoid the wrath of Herod the Great, returning to the land of Israel after Herod's death and settling in Nazareth. In Luke's account, Joseph travels to Bethlehem for a census and returns to Nazareth without going to Egypt, after presenting Jesus publicly in the Temple of Jerusalem.
Little else is known of Joseph except that he was reportedly descended from King David and worked as a carpenter. Joseph's death is not recorded in the Bible. He is reported by Luke to still be alive when Jesus was around 12 years old (Luke 2:41-42), and the lack of any mention of him in the biblical accounts of Jesus' adult ministry is taken to imply that he had already died by that time. Controversy exists as to whether he and Mary ever engaged in conjugal relations or had other children together. A notable fact about Joseph is that not a single word is spoken by him in any of the Four Gospels.
In the Roman Catholic and other traditions Joseph is the patron saint of workers and has several feast days. Many cities, churches, hospitals, schools, and other institutions are named for him. The Spanish rendering of his name, San Jose, is reportedly the most common place name in the world.
Gospel accounts
Joseph takes an active role only in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke. He is not mentioned in Mark, and in John his name is used only as the surname of Jesus, as in "Is this not Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know?" (John 6:42)
Joseph in the Book of Matthew
Matthew begins his Gospel (Matthew 1:1-16) with a genealogy, starting with Abraham and then tracing Jesus' lineage through King David down through the generations until Joseph. The genealogy is paradoxical in that it proves Jesus' Davidic lineage through Joseph, and yet Matthew claims that Joseph was not Jesus' physical father. It goes on to explain that Joseph's discovered his betrothed wife,[2], Mary, to be pregnant before he had intercourse with her. A righteous man, he did not wish to expose her to public disgrace or punishment, but he did intend to divorce her. An angel appeared to him, however, and instructed Joseph to take Mary as his wife, because the child in her womb was conceived by the Holy Spirit. Joseph complied and married her, but had no sexual relations with her until after she gave birth. In accordance with the angel's instruction, he gave the child the name Yeshua (Jesus), meaning "the Lord saves."
Matthew specifies that Jesus was born in Bethlehem, but does not mention Nazareth as Joseph and Mary's previous dwelling place. After Jesus' birth, magi from the east come to pay homage to him. They present gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh, but do not tarry, fearing the wrath of the ruthless King Herod, who sees a threat to his throne in any rumored Messiah. An angel appears to Joseph in another dream and commands him to take his wife and child to Egypt, where they are to remain until Herod's death. When this occurs, Joseph returns to the land of Israel. He apparently intends to return to Bethlehem, but hearing that Herod's son Archelaus reigns in Judea in place of his father, he "withdrew to the district of Galilee, and he went and lived in a town called Nazareth." Joseph plays no further role in Matthew's account of Jesus' life.
Joseph in the Book of Luke
The Gospel of Luke gives additional details of Joseph's life and relation to Jesus, some of which do not entirely square with Matthew's version. Luke's genealogy of Joseph begins at 3:23 and goes all the way back to Adam. Its account is difficult to reconcile with Matthew's version, although various attempts have been made.
Luke describes Joseph as living in Nazareth at the time of Jesus' conception. Mary, having left the village at an angel's direction, returns to Joseph visibly pregnant after staying for several months at the home of the priest Zechariah, the husband of her cousin Elizabeth. No account is given of Joseph's agony over finding his virgin bride to be pregnant, but an explanation is provided as to how Jesus' birth came to happen at Bethlehem: Joseph goes there to comply with a census order of Caesar Augustus, for Bethlehem, the city of David, is his clan's place of origin.[3] There, Jesus is born in an animal manger, since there is no room at the local inn. The baby is honored by shepherds and angels, but no magi. The threatening figure of Herod does not loom over the scene. Instead, the shepherds joyously spread the news of the miraculous birth; Jesus is circumcised on the eighth day and publicly presented in the Temple of Jerusalem, where the prophets Simeon and Anna testify to him. Joseph then takes his family home to Nazareth, with no mention of a flight to Egypt.
Luke mentions Joseph in one additional story, when the family visits Jerusalem on their yearly pilgrimage at Passover time (2:41). After the feast, Joseph and Mary leave town without the 12-year-old Jesus, thinking him to be in another part of their caravan. Three days later, realizing he is missing, they return and discover him in the Temple courtyard, where he has made a tremendous impression on the teachers and people. Mary scolds him, and Jesus responds that the couple should have realized he would be about "my father's business," obviously not referring to Joseph. The family returns to Nazareth and "his mother kept all these things in her heart." Joseph, however, is not mentioned again.
Non-Gospel accounts and anecdotes
Several Nativity icons show Joseph tempted by the Devil to break off his betrothal and describe how he resists that temptation. Other images depict his staff as topped with flowers, possibly based on the non-canonical account in the Protevangelion of James of how Mary's spouse was chosen. That same account speaks eloquently of Joseph's agony upon discovering Mary's pregnancy: "He struck his face and threw himself on the ground in sackcloth and wept bitterly…. 'Who has set this trap for me?… Who stole the virgin from me and defiled her? Has not the story of Adam been repeated with me? For while Adam was glorifying God, the serpent came and found Eve alone and deceived her and defiled her—so it has also happened to me.'" This account goes on to say that Joseph himself was accused of illicit sex with Mary and was banished for a period to the desert as a result.
In Catholic tradition, Jesus is described as working side by side with Joseph in Joseph's carpenter shop at Nazareth. Joseph is much praised for responding to the angel's message and protecting Mary when some of those in Nazareth would have stoned her as an adulteress. [4]
Questions arise as to the canonical Gospel accounts of Jesus having brothers and sisters—James, Joses, Judah, Simon, and unnamed sisters in Matthew 13:55 and Mark 6:3. A tradition still current in Eastern Orthodoxy explains that Joseph was a widower and that these brothers and sisters were from his first marriage, thus making them Jesus' step-brothers and step-sisters. Catholic traditions leans toward these "brothers" being more distant kinsmen and insists that Joseph never had sexual relations with Mary, who remained a perpetual virgin. The apocryphal History of Joseph the Carpenter, names Jesus' eldest brother as Justus and the sisters as Assia and Lydia, but does not name their mother. [5] Orthodox sources retain the Biblical name of the eldest son and name Joseph's first wife as Salome, his sisters being another Salome and Esther along with an unnamed third sister.[6] Many Protestant denominations—including Evangelical or Fundamental Protestant traditions—no longer espouse strong views on the subject and do not prefix Joseph's name with the honorific "Saint."
Sainthood
Although always regarded as a saint in both Catholic and Orthodox traditions, Joseph was little celebrated on his own account in the West until the later Middle Ages, following the adoption of his feast by the Franciscans in 1399, and later by the Dominicans. The feast was only added to the Roman Breviary in 1479, and was not compulsory for the whole Catholic Church until 1621. Pope Pius IX proclaimed him the patron of the Universal Church on December 8, 1870.
In the nineteenth century, the Josephite Fathers of the Roman Catholic Church were created under the patronage of Joseph, intending to work with the poor. The first Josephites in America re-devoted their part of the Order to ministry within the newly-emancipated African American community.
He is the unofficial patron against doubt and hesitation, as well as the patron saint of fighting communism, and of a happy death. Having died in the "arms of Jesus and Mary," he is considered the model of a pious believer who receives grace at the moment of death. Pope John XXIII added his name to the Mass canon. Some groups of Traditional Catholics reject this addition, but most use the 1962 missal, which includes this change.
Joseph is also the patron saint of the New World; of the countries China, Canada, Korea, Mexico, Austria, Belgium, Bohemia, Croatia, Peru, and Vietnam; of the regions Carinthia, Styria, Tyrol, and Sicily; of the cities and/or dioceses of Florence, Turin, Baton Rouge, Bemidji, Buffalo, Cheyenne, Haugesund in Norway, Louisville, Nashville, San Jose, Sioux Falls, etc.
Roman Catholics also believe that Joseph prays especially for families, fathers, expectant mothers (pregnant women), travelers, immigrants, house sellers and buyers, craftsmen, engineers and working people in general.
Feast days
The principal feast day of Saint Joseph in the Catholic Church is March 19, Saint Joseph's Day. The Feast of St. Joseph the Workman (May 1), was introduced by Pope Pius XII in 1955 to counteract May Day, a holiday favored by the left-wing labor movement, socialists, and communists. This also reflects St. Joseph's status as what many Catholics and other Christians consider the "patron of workers."
In the Lutheran Church, March 19 is also observed as the Feast of St. Joseph, Guardian of Jesus. This festival is on the official calendar of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod, the Wisconsin Synod and the Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Some Protestant traditions also celebrate this festival as a commemoration of Joseph's life and witness.
In Orthodox tradition, St Joseph is commemorated on the Sunday after the Nativity. If there is no Sunday between December 25 and January 1, his feast is moved to December 26, along that of King David and James the Just. Joseph is also commemorated on the Sunday of the Forefathers.
Places dedicated to Joseph
The Spanish form, San Jose, is the most common place name in the world. Two of the most-recognized San Joses are San José, Costa Rica and San Jose, California, given their name by Spanish colonists. The latter is the subject of the famous song "Do You Know the Way to San José" by Dionne Warwick.
Many cities, towns, and geographical features are named after Joseph. At least six places named St. Joseph exist in France and its overseas possessions, and at least 14 towns, counties, or townships in the United States. Also, numerous bays, rivers, peninsulas, and other features are named after Joseph in North America.
St. Joseph, Trinidad and Tobago is the oldest town in Trinidad and Tobago. Originally named San José de Oruña, it served as the capital of Spanish Trinidad between 1592 and 1783.
Churches
Hundreds, if not thousands, of churches are dedicated to Saint Joseph. In the U.S., the Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph is located in San Jose, California and is the episcopal headquarters of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose. The Basilica of Saint Joseph Proto-Cathedral is a prominent Roman Catholic church in Bardstown, Kentucky; it was the first Roman Catholic Cathedral west of the Allegheny Mountains and the cathedral mother church of the former Roman Catholic Diocese of Bardstown.
Saint Joseph's Oratory is a Roman Catholic oratory and basilica in Montreal, Canada. Constructed at the wishes of Brother André Besette (Congregation of Holy Cross)—and blessed in the Catholic canon—it is dedicated to St. Joseph who is believed to have performed many miracles of healing in Montreal. The Oratory is the largest church in Canada, with the largest dome of its kind in the world after that of Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome. (Some churches named after St. Joseph are actually dedicated to a different saint, Saint Joseph of Cupertino.)
Sacred Heart Catholic Parish in Muenster, Texas is dedicated to St. Joseph after its first two churches were destroyed by tornadoes on St. Joseph's feast day. Since the parishioners have attended mass on his feast day the recent church has not been destroyed.
Numerous children's hospitals are named for Saint Joseph, as well as many schools.
Notes
- ↑ Matthew 1:18, 20; Luke 1:35
- ↑ A betrothal was a legally binding espousal in ancient Judaism. A betrothed wife could not simply be "put away" but required a formal get, or divorce papers.
- ↑ The historicity of this account is questionable. No other record of such a census exists, which seems unlikely since it supposedly occurred "throughout the world." A Palestinian census is known to have occurred in 6 C.E., but this is 10 years after Jesus is thought by many scholars to have been born. Some argue, however, that the census took place in two stages, with enrollment taking place in one stage, and assessment following later.
- ↑ Novena prayer: St. Joseph ewtn.com
- ↑ The History of Joseph the Carpenter. New Advent. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
- ↑ Holy Apostles Convent, The Life of the Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. (Holy Apostles Convent Publishers, 1997, ISBN 0944359035), 64.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Holy Apostles Convent, The Life of the Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. Holy Apostles Convent Pubns; 4 edition, 1997. ISBN 0944359035
- Kleba, Gerald Joseph. Joseph Remembered: The Father of Jesus. Summit Publishing Group, 2000. ISBN 978-1565303072
- Suarez, Federico. Joseph of Nazareth. Scepter Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1594170201
- Thorn, Aramis. The Foster Father of God. Infinity Publishing, 2004. ISBN 978-0741422316
- Trade Vintage Art Giclee Poster Print. Saint Joseph, Putative or Nominal Father of Jesus of Nazareth, Husband of Mary, Woodworker. AllPosters.com. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
External links
All links retrieved August 10, 2022.
- Catholic Online Saints: St. Joseph. www.catholic.org.
- Skeptics Annotated Bible: a comparison of verses related to Jesus' father. www.skepticsannotatedbible.com.
- Saint Joseph at the Notable Names Database. www.nndb.com.
| Preceded by: Heli |
Ancestry of Jesus - Father of Jesus |
Succeeded by: Jesus |
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