Richard Hakluyt

Richard Hakluyt

Richard Hakluyt Recording the Voyages of Elizabethan Sailors, after a painting by Kenneth Shoesmith probably painted in the 1930s.
Born:	c. 1552 or 1553 Hereford, Herefordshire; or London, England
Died:	23 November 1616 (aged 64) London, England
Occupation(s):	Author, editor and translator
Nationality:	English
Writing period:	1580–1609
Subject(s):	Exploration; geography; travel
Influenced:	P. Erondelle; Robert Parke; John Pory

Richard Hakluyt (pronounced IPA: /ˈhæklʊt, ˈhæklət, ˈhækəlwɪt/) (c. 1552 or 1553 – November 23, 1616) was an English writer. He is principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement of North America by the English through his works, notably Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America (1582) and The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation. (1598–1600).

Educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford, between 1583 and 1588 Hakluyt was chaplain and secretary to Sir Edward Stafford, English ambassador at the French court. An ordained priest, Hakluyt held important positions at Bristol Cathedral and Westminster Abbey and was personal chaplain to Sir Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, principal Secretary of State to Elizabeth I and James I. He was the chief promoter of a petition to James I for letters patent to colonize Virginia, which were granted in 1606.

The settlement in Jamestown, unlike the Plymouth colony, represented a largely economic interest. It represented the drive for material prosperity, which along with religious freedom, were the major driving factors in the founding of America.

Family, early life and education

The Hakluyts were of Welsh extraction, rather than Dutch as is often wrongly suggested; according to antiquary John Leland the family took its name from the forest of Cluyd in Radnorshire. They appear to have settled in Herefordshire in England around the thirteenth century. The family established itself at Yatton, two miles (3.2 km) southeast of Leominster, and must have ranked amongst the principal landowners of the county. A person named Hugo Hakelute, who may have been an ancestor or relative of Richard Hakluyt, was elected Member of Parliament for the borough of Yatton in 1304 or 1305, and between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries five individuals surnamed "de Hackluit" or "Hackluit" were Sheriffs of Herefordshire. A man named Walter Hakelut was knighted in the 34th year of Edward I (1305), and in 1349 Thomas Hakeluyt was chancellor of the diocese of Hereford. Records also show that a Thomas Hakeluytt was in the wardship of Henry VIII (reigned 1509–1547) and Edward VI (reigned 1547–1553).

Richard Hakluyt, the second of four sons, was either born in Hereford in the county of Herefordshire around 1552, or in or near London around 1553. Hakluyt's father, also named Richard Hakluyt, was a member of the Worshipful Company of Skinners whose members dealt in skins and furs. He died in 1557 when his son was aged about five years, and his wife Margery followed soon after. Haklyut's cousin, also named Richard Haklyut, of the Middle Temple, became his guardian.

The library of Christ Church, Oxford, by an unknown artist, from Rudolph Ackermann's History of Oxford (1813).

While a Queen's Scholar at Westminster School, Hakluyt visited his guardian whose conversation, illustrated by "certain bookes of cosmographie, an universall mappe, and the Bible," made Hakluyt resolve to "prosecute that knowledge, and kind of literature". Entering Christ Church, Oxford, in 1570 with financial support from the Skinners' Company, "his exercises of duty first performed", he set out to read all the printed or written voyages and discoveries that he could find. He took his Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) on February 19, 1574, and shortly after taking his Master of Arts (M.A.) on June 27, 1577, began giving public lectures in geography. He was the first to show "both the old imperfectly composed and the new lately reformed mappes, globes, spheares, and other instruments of this art". Hakluyt held on to his studentship at Christ Church between 1577 and 1586, although after 1583 he was no longer resident in Oxford.

Hakluyt was ordained in 1578, and that same year he received a "pension" from the Worshipful Company of Clothworkers to study divinity. The pension would have lapsed in 1583, but William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, intervened to have the pension continued until 1586 to aid Hakluyt's geographical research.

At the British Embassy in Paris

Hakluyt's first publication was A Short and Briefe Narration (1580), a translation of Bref Récit et Succincte Narration de la Navigation Faite en MDXXXV et MDXXXVI by French navigator Jacques Cartier, which was a description of his second voyage to Canada in 1535–1536. Hakluyt followed this with a book that he himself wrote, Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America and the Ilands Adjacent unto the Same, Made First of all by our Englishmen and Afterwards by the Frenchmen and Britons (1582).

Hakluyt's Voyages brought him to the notice of Lord Howard of Effingham, and Sir Edward Stafford, Lord Howard's brother-in-law. At 30 years of age and acquainted with "the chiefest captaines at sea, the greatest merchants, and the best mariners of our nation", he was selected as chaplain and secretary to accompany Stafford, now English ambassador at the French court, to Paris in 1583. In accordance with the instructions of Secretary Francis Walsingham, he occupied himself chiefly in collecting information of the Spanish and French movements, and "making diligent inquirie of such things as might yield any light unto our westerne discoverie in America". Although this was his only visit to the Continent in his life, he was angered to hear the limitations of the English in terms of travel being discussed in Paris.

The west front of Bristol Cathedral – photographed in April 2005.

The first-fruits of Hakluyt's labors in Paris were embodied in his important work entitled A Particuler Discourse Concerninge the Greate Necessitie and Manifolde Commodyties That Are Like to Growe to This Realme of Englande by the Westerne Discoueries Lately Attempted, Written in the Yere 1584, which Sir Walter Raleigh commissioned him to prepare. The manuscript, lost for almost 300 years, was published for the first time in 1877. Hakluyt revisited England in 1584, and laid a copy of the Discourse before Elizabeth I (to whom it had been dedicated) together with his analysis in Latin of Aristotle's Politicks. His objective was to recommend the enterprise of planting the English race in the unsettled parts of North America, and thus gain the Queen's support for Raleigh's expedition. In May 1585 when Hakluyt was in Paris with the British Embassy, the Queen granted to him the next prebendal stall at Bristol Cathedral that should become vacant, to which he was admitted in 1585 or 1586 and held with other preferments till his death.

Hakluyt's other works during his time in Paris consisted mainly of translations and compilations, with his own dedications and prefaces. These latter writings, together with a few letters, are the only extant material out of which a biography of him can be framed. Hakluyt interested himself in the publication of the manuscript journal of René de Laudonnière, the Histoire Notable de la Florida in Paris in 1586. The attention that the book excited in Paris encouraged Hakluyt to prepare an English translation and publish it in London under the title A Notable Historie Containing Foure Voyages Made by Certayne French Captaynes unto Florida (1587). The same year, his edition of Peter Martyr d'Anghiera's De Orbe Nouo Decades Octo saw the light at Paris. This work contains an exceedingly-rare copperplate map dedicated to Hakluyt and signed F.G. (supposed to be Francis Gualle); it is the first on which the name "Virginia" appears.

Return to England

The title page of the first edition of Hakluyt's The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation (1589).

A manuscript signature of Hakluyt from the front flyleaf of the above work.

In 1588 Hakluyt finally returned to England with Lady Stafford, after a residence in France of nearly five years. In 1589 he published the first edition of his chief work, The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation, using eyewitness accounts as far as possible. In the preface to this he announced the intended publication of the first terrestrial globe made in England by Emery Molyneux. Between 1598 and 1600 appeared the final, reconstructed and greatly-enlarged edition of The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation in three volumes. In the dedication of the second volume (1599) to his patron, Sir Robert Cecil, he strongly urged the minister as to the expediency of colonizing Virginia. A few copies of this monumental work contain a map of great rarity, the first on the Mercator projection made in England according to the true principles laid down by Edward Wright. Hakluyt's great collection has been called "the Prose Epic of the modern English nation" by historian James Anthony Froude.

On April 20, 1590 Hakluyt was instituted to the rectory of Wetheringsett-cum-Brockford, Suffolk, by Lady Stafford, who was Countess of Sheffield in her own right. He held this position until his death, and resided in Wetheringsett through the 1590s and frequently thereafter. In 1601 Hakluyt edited a translation from the Portuguese of Antonio Galvão's The Discoveries of the World. In the same year his name occurs as an adviser to the East India Company, in which capacity he supplied them with maps and informed them as to markets.

Later life

In the late 1590s Hakluyt became the client and personal chaplain of Sir Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, Lord Burghley's son, who was to be Hakluyt's most fruitful patron. Hakluyt dedicated to Cecil the second (1599) and third volumes (1600) of the expanded edition of Principal Navigations and also his edition of Galvão's Discoveries (1601). Cecil, who was the principal Secretary of State to English I and James I, rewarded him by installing him as prebendary of Westminster Abbey on May 4, 1602. In the following year, he was elected archdeacon of the Abbey.

Hakluyt was married twice, once in or about 1594 and again in 1604. In the licence of Hakluyt's second marriage dated March 30, 1604, he is described as one of the chaplains of the Savoy Hospital; this position was also conferred on him by Cecil. His will refers to chambers occupied by him there up to the time of his death, and in another official document he is styled Doctor of Divinity (D.D.).

The location on the River Thames of the Savoy Hospital for poor and needy people founded by Henry VII, where Hakluyt was a chaplain, is marked by a red arrow on this image of John Norden's map of Westminster which was published in 1593.

Hakluyt was also a leading adventurer of the Charter of the Virginia Company of London as a director in 1589. In 1605 he secured the prospective living of James Town, the intended capital of the intended colony of Virginia. When the colony was at last established in 1607, he supplied this benefice with its chaplain, Robert Hunt. In 1606 he appears as the chief promoter of the petition to James I for letters patent to colonize Virginia, which were granted on April 10, 1606. His last publication was a translation of Hernando de Soto's discoveries in Florida, entitled Virginia Richly Valued, by the Description of the Maine Land of Florida, Her Next Neighbour (1609). This work was intended to encourage the young colony of Virginia; Scottish historian William Robertson wrote of Hakluyt,

"England is more indebted for its American possessions than to any man of that age."

In 1591, Hakluyt inherited family property upon the death of his elder brother Thomas; a year later, upon the death of his youngest brother Edmund, he inherited another property which derived from his uncle. In 1612 Hakluyt became a charter member of the North-west Passage Company. By the time of his death, he had amassed a small fortune out of his various emoluments and preferments, of which the last was Gedney Rectory, Lincolnshire, presented to him by his younger brother Oliver in 1612. Unfortunately, his wealth was squandered by his only son.

Hakluyt died on November 2, 1616, probably in London, and was buried on November 26, in Westminster Abbey; by an error in the abbey register his burial is recorded under the year 1626. A number of his manuscripts, sufficient to form a fourth volume of his collections of 1598–1600, fell into the hands of Samuel Purchas, who inserted them in an abridged form in his Pilgrimes (1625–1626). Others, consisting chiefly of notes gathered from contemporary authors, are preserved at the University of Oxford.

Legacy

Hakluyt is principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement of North America by the English through his writings. These works were a fertile source of material for William Shakespeare and other authors. Hakluyt also encouraged the production of geographical and historical writings by others. It was at Hakluyt's suggestion that Robert Parke translated Juan Gonzalez de Mendoza's The History of the Great and Mighty Kingdom of China and the Situation Thereof (1588–1590), John Pory made his version of Leo Africanus's A Geographical Historie of Africa (1600), and P. Erondelle translated Marc Lescarbot's Nova Francia (1609).

The Hakluyt Society was founded in 1846 for printing rare and unpublished accounts of voyages and travels, and continues to publish volumes each year.

Works

Authored

The first page of volume 1 of the expanded edition of Hakluyt's The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation (1598).

• Hakluyt, Richard (1582). Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America and the Ilands Adjacent unto the Same, Made First of All by Our Englishmen and Afterwards by the Frenchmen and Britons: With Two Mappes Annexed Hereunto. London: [Thomas Dawson] for T. Woodcocke. Quarto. Reprint:
• Hakluyt, Richard and John Winter Jones (ed.) (1850). Divers Voyages Touching the Discovery of America and the Islands Adjacent (Hakluyt Society; 1st Ser., no. 7). London: Hakluyt Society. ISBN 0665375387.
• Hakluyt, Richard (1584). A Particuler Discourse Concerninge the Greate Necessitie and Manifolde Commodyties That Are Like to Growe to This Realme of Englande by the Westerne Discoueries Lately Attempted, Written in the Yere 1584. [London?]: [s.n.]. Reprints:
• Hakluyt, Richard and C. (Charles) Deane (ed.) (1831). A Discourse Concerning Western Planting Written in the Year 1584 (Maine Historical Society. Collections, etc.; 2nd Ser.). Maine: Maine Historical Society.
• Hakluyt, Richard and David B. Quinn & Alison M. Quinn (eds.) (1993). A Particuler Discourse Concerninge the Greate Necessitie and Manifolde Commodyties that are Like to Growe to this Realme of Englande by the Westerne Discoueries Lately Attempted... (Hakluyt Society; Extra Ser., no. 45). London: Hakluyt Society. ISBN 0904180352.
• Hakluyt, Richard (1589). The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation : Made by Sea or Over Land to the Most Remote and Farthest Distant Quarters of the Earth at Any Time within the Compasse of These 1500 Years : Divided into Three Several Parts According to the Positions of the Regions Whereunto They Were Directed; the First Containing the Personall Travels of the English unto Indæa, Syria, Arabia... the Second, Comprehending the Worthy Discoveries of the English Towards the North and Northeast by Sea, as of Lapland... the Third and Last, Including the English Valiant Attempts in Searching Almost all the Corners of the Vaste and New World of America... Whereunto is Added the Last Most Renowned English Navigation Round About the Whole Globe of the Earth. London: Imprinted by George Bishop and Ralph Newberie, deputies to Christopher Barker, printer to the Queen’s Most Excellent Majestie. Folio. Reprint:
• Hakluyt, Richard (1965). The Principall Navigations Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation... Imprinted at London, 1589 : A Photo-Lithographic Facsimile with an Introduction by David Beers Quinn and Raleigh Ashlin Skelton and with a New Index by Alison Quinn (Hakluyt Society; Extra Ser., nos. 39a & 39b). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for Hakluyt Society & Peabody Museum of Salem. 2 vols.
• Hakluyt, Richard (1598–1600). The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation, Made by Sea or Overland... at Any Time Within the Compasse of these 1500 [1600] Yeeres, &c. London: G. Bishop, R. Newberie & R. Barker. 3 vols.; folio. Reprints:
• Hakluyt, Richard, and E. (Edmund) Goldsmid (ed.) (1884–1890). The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation. Edinburgh: E. & G. Goldsmid. 16 vols.
• Hakluyt, Richard (1903–1905). The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation, etc. (Hakluyt Society; Extra Ser., nos. 1–12). Glasgow: James MacLehose & Sons for the Hakluyt Society. 12 vols.

Edited and translated

• Cartier, Jacques and Richard Hakluyt (trans.) (1580). A Short and Briefe Narration. [London?]: [s.n.].
• Laudonnière, René de and Richard Hakluyt (trans.) (1587). A Notable Historie Containing Foure Voyages made by Certaine French Captaynes unto Florida, wherein the Great Riches and Fruitefulnes of the Countrey, with the Maners of the People, hitherto Concealed, are Brought to Light... Newly Translated Out of French into English by R. H. .... London: Thomas Dawson. Quarto.
• Anglerius, Petrus Martyr and Richard Hakluyt (ed.) (1587). De Orbe Nouo Petri Martyris Anglerii Mediolanensis Protonotarii et Caroli Quinti Senatoris Decades Octo, Diligenti Temporum Observatione et Utilissinis Annotationibus Illustratæ.... Paris: G. Auvray. Octavo.
• Galvão, Antonio and Richard Hakluyt (ed.) (1601). The Discoveries of the World from Their First Originall unto the Yeer... 1555; Written in the Portugall Tongue by A. Galvano. London: G. Bishop. Quarto. Reprint:
• Galvano, Antonio, and Vice-Admiral Bethune (Charles Ramsay Drinkwater Bethune) (ed.) (1862). The Discoveries of the World, from Their First Original unto the Year of our Lord, 1555. [Edited by F. de Sousa Tavares.] Corrected... and published in England, by R. Hakluyt... (Hakluyt Society; 1st Ser., no. 30). London: Hakluyt Society.
• de Soto, Ferdinando and Richard Hakluyt (trans.) (1609). Virginia Richly Valued, by the Description of the Maine Land of Florida, Her Next Neighbour : Out of the Foure Yeeres Travell and Discoverie... of Don Ferdinando de Soto and Sixe Hundred Able Men in His Companie... Written by a Portugall gentleman of Elvas, ... and Translated out of Portugese by Richard Hakluyt. London: F. Kyngston for M. Lownes. Quarto.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes. New York, NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1907–1921. "Richard Hakluyt," § 13 in pt. IV ("The Literature of the Sea") of vol. IV of A.W. Ward, (Adolphus Walter) and W.P. (William Peterfield) Trent, et al. (eds.) (1907–1921).
• Hakluyt, Richard, and Henry Morley, ed. [6] Voyager's Tales, from the Collections of Richard Hakluyt. London: Cassell & Co., 1880s. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved February 1, 2009.
• Jones, John Winter, "Introduction" of Richard Hakluyt and John Winter Jones, ed. Divers Voyages Touching the Discovery of America and the Islands Adjacent. (Hakluyt Society; 1st Ser., no. 7). London: Hakluyt Society, 1850. ISBN 0665375387. books.google. Retrieved February 1, 2009.
• Leo, Africanus, and John Pory, trans. & comp. A Geographical Historie of Africa, Written in Arabicke and Italian. Before which is Prefixed a Generall Description of Africa, and… a Particular Treatise of All the… Lands Undescribed by J. Leo. Translated and Collected by J. Pory. London: George Bishop, 1600. (on microfilm)
• Lescarbot, Marc, and P. Erondelle, trans. Nova Francia, or The Description of that Part of New France which is One Continent with Virginia: Described in the Three Late Voyages and Plantation made by Monsieur de Monts, Monsieur du Pont-Gravé, and Monsieur de Poutrincourt, into the Countries called by the French men La Cadie, lying to Southwest of Cape Breton: Together with an Excellent Severall Treatie of All the Commodities of the Said Countries, and Maners of the Naturall Inhabitants of the Same. Translated out of French into English by P.E. London: George Bishop, 1609.
• McHenry, Patrick, (2004-11-02)."Richard Hakluyt." The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
• Parks, James Brunner, and Williamson, James Alexander. Richard Hakluyt and the English Voyages. (American Geographical Society, 1928). Second ed. New Yor City: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1961.
• Purchas, Samuel. Hakluytus Posthumus: or, Purchas His Pilgrimes: Contayning a History of the World in Sea Voyages and Lande Travells by Englishmen and Others. (Hakluyt Society; Extra Ser., nos. 14–33) Glasgow: James MacLehose & Sons for Hakluyt Society, 1905–1907. (20 vols.)
• Quinn, David B., and Alice M., Virginia Voyages from Hakluyt. Oxford Univesity Press, 1973. ISBN 9780192554062
• Robertson, William, (1777). The History of America, 10th ed., London: Strahan, 1803.
• Westfall, Richard S. 1995. 'Hakluyt, Richard. The Galileo Project. Retrieved 2007-04-21.

Further reading

Articles

• O'Toole, Fintan, (Review), "Virgin Territories (review of Peter C. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,2052443,00.html Mancall's Hakluyt's Promise)", The Guardian (UK) 2007-03-10.
• Porter, Henry, "America's Debt to a Forgotten Hero: As the 400th Anniversary of Jamestown Nears, its Spiritual Father is Being Unjustly Ignored," The Observer(UK), 2007-04-08.
• Bridges, Roy, "Your Letters: Hakluyt Has Not Been Forgotten," The Observer (UK), 2007-04-15.

Books

• Burrage, Henry S. (Sweetser), ed. (1906). Early English and French Voyages, Chiefly from Hakluyt, 1534–1608 : With Maps and a Facsimile Reproduction. New York, NY: Scribner's.
• Gray, Albert 1917. An Address on the Occasion of the Tercentenary of the Death of Richard Hakluyt, 23 November, 1916: With a Note on the Hakluyt Family (OB4). London: Hakluyt Society.
• Hakluyt, Richard, and Frank Knight 1964. They Told Mr. Hakluyt: Being a Selection of Tales and Other Matter Taken from Richard Hakluyt's "The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffics and Discoveries of the English Nation," with Various Explanatory Notes by Frank Knight. London: Macmillan & Co..
• Hakluyt, Richard, and Henry Morley, ed. 1880s. Voyager's Tales, from the Collections of Richard Hakluyt. London: Cassell & Co.
• Lynam, E. (Edward William O'Flaherty), ed. 1946. Richard *Hakluyt & His Successors: A Volume Issued to Commemorate the Centenary of the Hakluyt Society. London: Hakluyt Society.
• Mancall, Peter C. 2007. Hakluyt’s Promise: An Elizabethan's Obsession for an English America. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300110545.
• Markham, Clements R. (Robert) 1896. Richard Hakluyt: His Life and Work: With a Short Account of the Aims and Achievements of the Hakluyt Society: An Address, etc. (OB1). London: Hakluyt Society.
• Neville-Sington, P. (Pamela) A., and Anthony Payne 1997. Richard Hakluyt and His Books: An Interim Census of Surviving Copies of Hakluyt’s Divers Voyages and Principal Navigations. London: Hakluyt Society. ISBN 0904180565.
• Parks, George Bruner 1928. Richard Hakluyt and the English Voyages. (Special Publication American Geographical Society; no. 10). New York, NY: American Geographical Society.
• Quinn, D.B. (David Beers), ed. 1974. The Hakluyt Handbook. (Hakluyt Society; 2nd ser., no. 144). London: Hakluyt Society. ISBN 0521202116. ISBN 0521086949. 2 vols.
• (1911) A Reproduction of the Tablet Erected in Bristol Cathedral to the Memory of Richard Hakluyt Born 1522, Died 1616 (OB3). London: Hakluyt Society.
• (1952) Sir Walter Raleigh and Richard Hakluyt: An Exhibition Held in the King's Library, British Museum, July–September 1952. [London]: [British Museum].
• Watson, Foster (1924). Richard Hakluyt. [S.l.]: The Sheldon Press.

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

External links

All links retrieved December 8, 2022.

• Official website of the Hakluyt Society
• Richard Hakluyt The Literary Encyclopedia
• "Richard Hakluyt," § 13 in pt. IV "The Literature of the Sea" of vol. IV of Ward, Adolphus Walter, and William Peterfield Trent et. al. (eds.) The Cambridge History of English and American Literature : An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes. New York, NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1907–1921.
• Hakluyt, Richard The Galileo Project.
• Works by Richard Hakluyt at Google Books
• Works by Richard Hakluyt. Project Gutenberg

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