Saint Lucia

Sainte-Lucie Saint Lucia
Motto: "The Land, The People, The Light" - "La Terre, Le Peuple, La Lumière"
Anthem: Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia
Capital (and largest city)		Castries 14°1′N 60°59′W
Official languages		English
Vernacular languages		Saint Lucian Creole French
Demonym		Saint Lucian
Government		Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
-	Monarch	Charles III
-	Governor-General	Neville Cenac
-	Prime Minister	Philip Pierre
Independence
-	from the United Kingdom	22 February 1979
Area
-		616 km² (191st) 238 sq mi
-	Water (%)	1.6
Population
-	2022 estimate	184,961 (189th)
-	2010 census	165,595
-	Density	299.4/km² (29th) 777/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2020 estimate
-	Total	$2.480 billion
-	Per capita	$13,708
GDP (nominal)		2020 estimate
-	Total	$1.77 billion
-	Per capita	$9,780
Gini (2016)		51.2
Currency		East Caribbean Dollar (XCD)
Time zone		(UTC−4)
Internet TLD		.lc
Calling code		[[++1-758]]

The small island nation of Saint Lucia (pronounced "saint LOO-shuh") lies between the eastern side of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. One of the Windward Islands, which are on the southern end of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north of the even smaller island nation of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and south of the somewhat bigger French outpost of Martinique. Compared in shape to a mango or a teardrop, Saint Lucia is dominated by a mountainous landscape.

Geography

The volcanic nature of Saint Lucia accounts for its being more mountainous than most of its neighbors as well as being arguably more beautiful, an opinion held by an ample number of tourists. The mountain chain runs north to south, with the highest point being Morne Gimie at nearly 1,000 m. The most imposing landmarks on the island are the twin-peaked pyramidal cones called the Pitons, also on the island’s west side and memorialized in the two triangular shapes at the center of the national flag. In the vicinity is the old town of Soufrière, which boasts one of the world’s few drive-in volcanoes.

Saint Lucia’s mountains remain largely forested, and the interior has well-preserved rain forests. Martinique is about 40 km away across the Saint Lucia Channel while Saint Vincent sits 35 km distant across the Saint Vincent Passage. Both are visible from Saint Lucia on clear days.

Hurricanes pounding in from the east have been an enduring threat to the island over the centuries, along with the landslides sometimes caused by the cyclones. The storms hit Saint Lucia directly about every 20 years on the average. In the 1980s, Hurricane Allen caused mainly economic damage and went on to slam the Houston area. But usually the winds are calm and bring a cooling effect to the tropical temperatures. There is a rainy season from June through November, but the level of precipitation is not emphatically different from the rest of the year.

Geology

Saint Lucia geologic map, where Tmov denotes Miocene/Oligocene volcanic rocks, Tplv are Pliocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks, and Qv are Quaternary volcanic edifices, flows, and pyroclastic deposits

Topography of the Soufriere Volcanic Complex

The geology of St. Lucia can be described as composing three main areas. The oldest, 16–18 Ma, volcanic rocks are exposed from Castries northward and consist of eroded basalt and andesite centers. The middle, central highlands, portion of the island consists of dissected andesite centres, 10.4 to 1 Mya, while the lower southwest portion of the island contains recent activity from the Soufriere Volcanic Centre (SVC). This SVC, centred about the Qualibou depression, contains pyroclastic flow deposits, lava flows, domes, block and ash flow deposits, and explosion craters. This depression's perimeter includes the town of Soufriere, Mount Tabac, Mt. Gimie, Morne Bonin, and Gros Piton. At 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) in diameter, though the western portion is open towards the Grenada basin, the depression formed as recently as 100 kya. The depression is noted for its geothermal activity, especially at Sulphur Springs and Soufrière Estates, a phreatic eruption in 1776, and recent seismic activity (2000–2001).

Eroded andesitic stratovolcanoes to the north east of the depression include Mt. Gimie, Piton St Esprit, and Mt. Grand Magazin, all greater than 1 Ma in age. Andesitic and dacite pyroclastic flows from these volcanoes are found at Morne Tabac dome (532 ka), Morne Bonin dome (273 kya), and Bellevue (264 kya). Avalanche deposits from the formation of the Qualibou depression are found offshore, and in the massive blocks of Rabot, Pleisance, and Coubaril. The dacitic domes of Petit Piton (109 kya) and Gros Piton (71 kya) were then extruded onto the depression floor accompanied by the Anse John (104 kya) and La Pointe (59.8 kya) pyroclastic flows. Later, pyroclastic flows include pumice-rich Belfond and Anse Noir (20 kya). Finally, the dacitic domes of Terre Blanche (15.3 kya) and Belfond (13.6 kya) formed within the depression.

Flora and fauna

Saint Lucia tree lizard (Anolis Luciae)

Saint Lucia contains five terrestrial ecoregions: Windward Islands moist forests, Leeward Islands dry forests, Windward Islands dry forests, Windward Islands xeric scrub, and Lesser Antilles mangroves.

Tropical sunlight and rainfall produce an abundance of flora including hibiscus, poinciana, frangipani, orchids, jasmine, and bougainvillea.

There are no large mammals on the island, although bats are common and there are several species of snake. A species of lizard, Anolis luciae, is named for and is endemic to Saint Lucia. Numerous birds nest in the central highlands.

History

Arawak tribes settled on Saint Lucia around 200 C.E. but were forcefully replaced by another Amerindian group, the Caribs, about six centuries later. The starchy foods they cultivated are still a staple of the local diet.

The discovery of the island by Columbus at the beginning of the sixteenth century is believed doubtful by modern historians, but other Spanish explorers did make landfall in subsequent voyages of discovery. The prevalent theory for the derivation of the island’s name is that a band of French sailors, shipwrecked early in the sixteenth century on its shores, named it for Saint Lucy, a third century Sicilian martyr. Within a few decades several countries, as well as pirates acting on their own, made brief attempts at settlement, beginning with the Dutch in 1600. The Caribs’ fierce resistance resulted in the abandonment of some attempts, but the most significant conflict was between the British and the French, who from 1650 to 1815 caused the island to change hands 14 times.

Map of Saint Lucia

Even when the British took over, though, French settlers tended to stay, which is reflected in the common, but unofficial, language of the island being a French patois. The Caribs were in time battered by Western diseases and dwindled away. Slavery was introduced in the 1760s by putting Africans to work first in small cotton and tobacco holdings. Later, sugar cane became the predominant crop worked on large plantations. Before slavery was completely abolished in 1838, there was significant political unrest caused by escaped slaves taking refuge in the mountains but wreaking havoc on the settlements.

The Treaty of Paris put Saint Lucia in British hands to stay, initially as its own crown colony. Soon after slavery’s end, laborers were brought in numbers from India as indentured servants to work in the sugar and other industries. Their descendants still constitute a small portion of the national population. From 1871 to 1958, Saint Lucia was part of the Windward Islands colony, which located its capital at first in Barbados and later in Grenada. For the next four years it belonged to the West Indies Federation, which attempted to unite ten island entities as far west as Jamaica, with a capital in Trinidad. The federation fell apart from internal bickering over substantial differences.

Complete independence came in 1979. Four years later Saint Lucia joined the U.S. and some of its island neighbors in the invasion of Grenada to liberate it from Marxist rulers. In 1994, the country also sent a military contingent to Haiti to join the Americans in restoring that nation’s ousted, democratically-elected leader.

Saint Lucia inherited the parliamentary system from the United Kingdom. Executive power is in the hands of a prime minister. Democracy has been stably maintained since before independence.

Politics

As a Commonwealth realm, Saint Lucia recognizes King Charles III as the head of state of Saint Lucia, represented on the island by a Governor-General. Executive power, however, is in the hands of the prime minister and cabinet. The prime minister is normally the head of the party winning the elections for the House of Assembly, which has 17 seats. The other chamber of Parliament, the Senate, has 11 appointed members.

Saint Lucia is a full and participating member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS).

Economy

The island's productive volcanic soil has always been conducive to agriculture, but the principal crop has changed from time to time. Sugar cultivation largely died out by 1960, but it had in fact never recovered from the demise of slavery. The colony's economy benefited as well by serving as Britain's coal station in the Caribbean from the 1880s to the 1930s, but that too came to a close.

At present the nation's main crop is bananas. Though one of the world's smallest banana-producing countries, the quality of the Saint Lucian product is considered first-rate. Tourism is the other mainstay of the economy, drawing mainly from North America and Western Europe. There is more diverse manufacturing in Saint Lucia than elsewhere in the Lesser Antilles, with garments, electronics assembly, and paper and leather goods being the major components. Oil refining, cargo facilities, and offshore banking are other constituents of the nation's economy. The wedding and honeymoon industry are an additional feature.

Trade is mainly with the U.S., Japan, and the European Union. The local currency is the East Caribbean dollar, which is shared with seven other English-speaking countries in the archipelago. It is pegged to the U.S. dollar, which is in widespread circulation on the island.

Despite the various elements to the Saint Lucian economy, disparities between rich and poor on the island are tremendous. There has been a growing middle class for many years, but a large impoverished population remains.

Demographics

The population of Saint Lucia is overwhelmingly of African descent; only a very small proportion is of European origin, while a slightly larger number trace their ancestry to the Indian subcontinent. Though most islands in the Caribbean have small pockets of poor whites among their populations, it is not the case in Saint Lucia.

English is the country's official language, but most people also commonly speak a French creole called patois or "patwa." It is virtually identical not only to the patois spoken in nearby Dominica but also to that in French-speaking Martinique and Guadeloupe.

Estimates of the proportion of Santa Lucia's Roman Catholics are between 80 and 90 percent. The remainder are Anglicans and Protestants.

One of the most surprising statistics about Saint Lucia is the high ratio between the size of its population and the number of Nobel laureates born on its soil. It is in fact said to be the highest rate in the world. Two winners have come from the island: Economist Arthur Lewis won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1979; poet and playwright Derek Walcott received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1992, his most well-known work is the poem "Omeros."

Culture

A simple analysis of Saint Lucia's culture would probably find that British contributions have been in the areas of law, education, politics, and sports (the country is definitely cricket-crazy). The French left a legacy of music and dance, and made Roman Catholicism the principal denomination. Besides their sheer numbers, Africans contributed the Creole root of the local patois, while the Indians left a stamp on the island cuisine.

Family values on the island can possibly be seen as pulled in opposite directions. There is a common extralegal practice of handing down inherited land from parents to all descendants, who continue to hold the property as an undivided parcel. On the other hand, it is also a common practice among men in the lower classes to father children and largely abandon them, though they may visit periodically.

Saint Lucians are also known for a high degree of interest in literature and its production.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Beolens, Bo, Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011. ISBN 1421401355
• Harmsen, Jolien, Guy Ellis, and Robert Devaux. A History of St Lucia. Lighthouse Road, 2014. ISBN 9769534005
• Streeter, Russell. 101 Things To Do And Places To See In Saint Lucia. Caribbean Travel Guides, 2016. ISBN 0993431801

External links

All links retrieved December 22, 2022.

• Saint Lucia Tourism
• Saint Lucia Travel Guide
• Saint Lucia The World Factbook
• Saint Lucia Fauna and Flora International

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