Toluene
| Toluene | |
|---|---|
 
| |
| General | |
| Systematic name | methylbenzene |
| Other names | toluene phenylmethane toluol |
| Molecular formula | C7H8 |
| SMILES | Cc1ccccc1 |
| Molar mass | 92.14 g/mol |
| Appearance | Clear colorless, liquid |
| CAS number | [108-88-3] |
| Properties | |
| Density and phase | 0.8669 g/cm³, liquid |
| Solubility in water | 0.053 g/100 mL (20-25°C) |
| In ethanol, acetone, hexane, dichloromethane |
Fully miscible |
| Melting point | −93 °C (180 K)/(-135.4°F) |
| Boiling point | 110.6°C (383.8 K)/ 231.08°F |
| Critical temperature | 320 °C (593 K)/ 608°F |
| Viscosity | 0.590 cP at 20°C/ 68°F |
| Dipole moment | 0.36 D |
| Hazards | |
| MSDS | ScienceLab.com |
| Main hazards | highly flammable |
| NFPA 704 |
3
2
0
|
| Flash point | 4 °C/ 39.2 °F |
| R-phrases | R11, R38, R48/20, R63, R65, R67 |
| S-phrases | S2, S36/37, S29, S46, S62 |
| RTECS number | XS5250000 |
| Supplementary data page | |
| Structure & properties | n, εr, etc. |
| Thermodynamic data | Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas |
| Spectral data | UV, IR, NMR, MS |
| Related compounds | |
| Related aromatic hydrocarbons |
benzene xylene naphthalene |
| Related compounds | methylcyclohexane |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25°C, 100 kPa) | |
Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane, is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners, redolent of the sweet smell of the related compound benzene. It is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is widely used as an industrial feedstock and as a solvent.
History
The name toluene was derived from the older name toluol that refers to tolu balsam, an aromatic extract from the tropical American tree Myroxylon balsamum, from which it was first isolated. It was originally named by Jöns Jakob Berzelius.
Chemical properties
Toluene reacts as a normal aromatic hydrocarbon towards electrophilic aromatic substitution.[1][2][3] The methyl group makes it around 25 times more reactive than benzene in such reactions. It undergoes smooth sulfonation to give p-toluenesulfonic acid, and chlorination by Cl2 in the presence of FeCl3 to give ortho and para isomers of chlorotoluene. It undergoes nitration to give ortho and para nitrotoluene isomers, but if heated it can give dinitrotoluene and ultimately the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT).
With other reagents the methyl side chain in toluene may react, undergoing oxidation. Reaction with potassium permanganate leads to benzoic acid, whereas reaction with chromyl chloride leads to benzaldehyde (Étard reaction). Halogenation can be performed under free radical conditions. For example, N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) heated with toluene in the presence of AIBN leads to benzyl bromide.
Catalytic hydrogenation of toluene to methylcyclohexane requires a high pressure of hydrogen to go to completion, because of the stability of the aromatic system.
Preparation
Toluene occurs naturally at low levels in crude oil and is usually produced in the processes of making gasoline via a catalytic reformer, in an ethylene cracker or making coke from coal. Final separation (either via distillation or solvent extraction) takes place in a BTX plant.
Uses
Toluene is a common solvent, able to dissolve: paints, paint thinners, many chemical reactants, rubber, printing ink, adhesives (glues), lacquers, leather tanners, and disinfectants. It can also be used as a fullerene indicator, and is a raw material for toluene diisocyanate (used in the manufacture of polyurethane foam) and TNT. Industrial uses of toluene include dealkylation to benzene and disproportionation to a mixture of benzene and xylene. When oxidized it yields benzaldehyde and benzoic acid, two important intermediates in chemistry. It is also used as a carbon source for making Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes. Toluene can be used to break open red blood cells in order to extract hemoglobin in biochemistry experiments.
Toluene can be used as an octane booster in gasoline fuels used in internal combustion engines. Toluene at 84 percent by volume, fueled all the turbo Formula One teams in the 1980s.
Toxicology and metabolism
Inhalation of toluene fumes can be intoxicating, but in larger doses nausea-inducing. Toluene may enter the human system not only through vapour inhalation from the liquid evaporation, but also following soil contamination events, where human contact with soil, ingestion of contaminated groundwater or soil vapour off-gassing can occur.
The toxicity of toluene can be explained mostly by its metabolism. As toluene has very low water solubility, it cannot exit the body via the normal routes (urine, feces, or sweat). It must be metabolized in order to be excreted. The methyl group of toluene is more easily oxidized by cytochrome P450 than the benzene ring. Therefore, in the metabolism of toluene, 95 percent is oxidized to become benzyl alcohol.[4] The toxic metabolites are created by the remaining five percent that are oxidized to benzaldehyde and cresols.[5][6] Most of the reactive products are detoxified by conjugation to glutathione but the remainder may severely damage cells.[7]
Toluene is mainly excreted as benzoic acid and hippuric acid, both formed by further metabolic oxidation of benzyl alcohol.
See also
Notes
- ↑ B. S. Furnell et al. Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th edition. Longman/Wiley, New York, 1989.
- ↑ L. G. Wade. Organic Chemistry, 5th ed., p. 871. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2003.
- ↑ J. March. Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th ed., p. 723. Wiley, New York, 1992.
- ↑ Nakajima T, Wang R, Elovaara E, Gonzalez F, Gelboin H, Raunio H, Pelkonen O, Vainio H, Aoyama T (1997). Toluene metabolism by cDNA-expressed human hepatic cytochrome P450. Biochem Pharmacol 53 (3): 271-7.
- ↑ Chapman D, Moore T, Michener S, Powis G. Metabolism and covalent binding of [14C]toluene by human and rat liver microsomal fractions and liver slices. Drug Metab Dispos 18 (6): 929-36.
- ↑ Hanioka H, Hamamura M, Kakino K, Ogata H, Jinno H, Takahashi A, Nishimura T, Ando M (1995). Dog liver microsomal P450 enzyme-mediated toluene biotransformation. Xenobiotica 25 (11): 1207-17.
- ↑ van Doorn R, Leijdekkers C, Bos R, Brouns R, Henderson P (1981). Alcohol and sulphate intermediates in the metabolism of toluene and xylenes to mercapturic acids. J Appl Toxicol 1 (4): 236-42.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- March. J. Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th ed. New York: Wiley, 1992. ISBN 978-0471601807
- McMurry, John. Organic Chemistry. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, 2004. ISBN 0534420052
- Morrison, Robert T., and Robert N. Boyd. Organic Chemistry. 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992. ISBN 0136436692
- Solomons, T.W. Graham, and Fryhle, Craig B. Organic Chemistry. 8th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2004. ISBN 0471417998
- Vogel, A.I. , A.R. Tatchell, B.S. Furnis, A.J. Hannaford, and P.W.G. Smith. Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996. ISBN 978-0582462366
- Wade, Leroy G. Organic Chemistry 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003. ISBN 978-0130338327
External links
All links retrieved April 30, 2023.
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